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Materials and methods MaterialsStudy material included F 1 hybrid tomato (Riva), pepper (Ergenekon), and eggplant (Pera) cultivars sensitive to V.d.; AMF isolates of Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae, which are known to have high relative mycorrhizal dependency with these cultivars; and the pathogen V.d., which was isolated from eggplant with a high level of virulence.

This study evaluated seedling traits (shoot/root length, fresh and dry weights of shoots/roots, number of leaves, shoot diameter), phosphorus (P) content, mycorrhizal colonization (MC), and relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) of 21 common bean genotypes inoculated by 4 different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) [Glomus intraradices (Gi), Glomus mosseae (Gm), Gigaspora margarita (Gim), and commercial AMF (cAMF)] in a growth chamber under controlled growing conditions. With the exception of shoot diameter, inoculated plants had better seedling traits than noninoculated plants. P content of shoot was also higher in inoculated plants than in noninoculated plants. Of the 20 genotypes and Nadide cv. examined, 5 responded positively and 3 responded negatively to inoculation with all AMF types. Great variations in RMD and MC were observed, with the highest RMD and MC in the T120 (69.54%) and T71 (81.09%) genotypes and the lowest in the V77 (1.26%) and V78 (31.42%) genotypes. Positive correlations were found between RMD and seedling traits, with the exception of shoot length as well as root length, P content, and colonization. MC was significantly correlated only with P content.

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Bouganin antiviral protein (BAP) gene, one of the ribosome inactivating proteins, isolated from Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. was cloned, expressed and the antiviral and antifungal activities were investigated. The full-length bouganin antiviral protein gene was amplified by reverse transcription-PCR using mRNA as template extracted from mature leaves. The coding region of bouganin gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pETDuet-1 after amplification with end to end gene specific primers. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli cells BL21(DE3)pLysS and the expression of BAP gene was induced by isopropyl β-D thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). Bouganin antiviral protein having a molecular mass of 28 kDa has been isolated from transformed bacterial colonies. Antiviral activity of bouganin was assayed against Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) by a mechanical inoculation test. The antifungal activity of purified recombinant protein was tested against pathogenic and non-pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma harzianum, and Fusarium oxysporum fungi using disc diffusion method. The increased amount of antiviral protein reduced the disease severity caused by ZYMV. The bouganin antiviral protein was inhibited the growth of R. solani by 30.7% and of T. harzianum by 20% after 72 h compared to control. No growth inhibition was observed for F. oxyporum. All plants including controls treated with in vitro expressed BAP protein exhibited severe growth reduction compared with negative control (not treated) plants.