However, in visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the efficiency of antimonials deteriorates in immunocompromised patients [15] accentuating the essential role of immune competency. In the same context, SbV was found to be dependent on the

There are several types of medical settings which use lasers. Dermatologists use lasers as it is non-invasive with preferential cosmetic outcomes and finer wound healing. The types of lasers are relying on their wavelengths and delivery systems.Over time, by using several distinct devices and strategies, new lasers have been generated; as a consequence, they are manipulated in a wide range of dermatological settings. In this review, laser applications in various vascular, infectious, and hyperpigmented cutaneous lesions were framed. We aimed to represent the fitness of phototherapy for each condition as well as the overall challenges that face laser. In addition, low-level laser therapy, and laser resurfacing were noted as the marketable line of lasers in the current time for cosmetic purposes.

Blastocystis hominis is a cosmopolitan protozoan that has been associated with several gastrointestinal disturbances involving lactose intolerance. However, the underlying pathogenic factors remain indistinct. 20 Swiss albino mice were utilized and assembled into four groups, each of five mice: group-I: received neither infection nor lactose (healthy control), group-II: received a single dose of 10000 cysts of Blastocystis and lactose diets in a dose of 12.5 g/ day/mouse for 7 consecutive ‎days starting from day 14 p.i, group-III: non-infected mice with oral doses of lactose (12.5 g/day/mouse) for 7 consecutive ‎days (positive control), group-IV: infected mice on lactose free diet (negative control). We investigated the histopathological changes using H&E stain. Also, lactase enzyme activity was measured using spectrophotometry and the production of TNF-α and apoptotic events were explored via immunohistochemistry and compared in the small intestine of all groups. The active inflammatory changes in the infected animals were moderate in the form of loss of villous architecture, increased ILC (P- value > 0.001) besides scattered forms of the parasite as compared to non-infected mice. There was a reduction in lactase enzyme activity p.i... The TNF-α levels were induced p.i. as compared to non-infected mice (P-value > 0.001). The expression of Bax protein was upgraded, while Bcl-2 expression decreased significantly with a reverse in Bax/Bcl2 ratio in infected animals. Blastocystis infection appears to humble lactase enzyme activity via the induction of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the small intestinal brush border in a TNF-α associative pathway.