Objectives: Road fog can form suddenly which necessitates more caution by the researchers as well as drivers due to low vision and related morbidities and mortalities. This study aimed at determining the pattern of accidents in fog and the relationship between driver, road, and accident with injury level in Guilan, Iran from 2014 to 2018. Methods: This is a retrospective descriptive-analytical study that investigated all accidents that had occurred in Guilan from 2014 to 2018. All of the data were entered into STATA software. The time-series estimators were used as the multivariate regression model for the presence or absence of any relationship between variables.Results: In fog, the fatality rate of traffic accidents was significantly higher than other climatic conditions (IRR = 1.471). The likelihood of fatalities in fog decreased with age while it increased when drivers were female (p = 0.001). Most of the accidents in fog condition had occurred in December (p=0.000), February (p=0.001) and November (p=0.012). The number of related injuries at 2 AM (p = 0.032), 3 AM (p = 0.019), and 2 PM (p = 0.02) significantly reduced. Moreover, the rate of mortality at 2 AM (p = 0.005), 9 AM (p = 0.012), 11 AM (p = 0.004), 13 PM (p = 0.008) and 19 PM (p = 0.003) were significantly lower. The rate of injuries was significantly higher in Anzali (P = 0.042) and Rasht (P = 0.018), respectively.Conclusion: In the fog, the fatality rate was significantly higher than that of other conditions. The pattern of accidents in fog decreased with age and increased in accidents involving female drivers. Most of the fatal accidents had occurred in fog in November, January and February, respectively. Road accidents in Anzali and Rasht cities were more fatal.

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Background: In confronting Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), informing the public through social media is one of the most important strategies. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess the knowledge level of social media users about COVID-19 and its challenges in Iran. Methods: This mixed-methods study was conducted in 2020. In the quantitative phase, the knowledge level of 299 social media users about COVID-19 was assessed in Khorramabad, Iran, using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 23. The mean score of knowledge was measured utilizing the t-test and analysis of variance. In the qualitative phase, data collection was completed through semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used, and ten faculty members and experts were interviewed. The content analysis method was used to analyze data using the MAXQDA10 software. Results: We observed that the mean knowledge score was 73.73 out of 100. Knowledge score had a significant relationship with educational level, field, and profession. Challenges of raising the knowledge of social media users included five themes: the nature of the disease, challenges related to users, stewardship challenges, the nature of social media, and problems related to domestic messengers. Conclusions: Proper and active management of social media, along with the decisive and effective presence of health system authorities in social media, can make this platform the most important source to the public for knowledge raising during the outbreaks of communicable diseases.

Background: Attention to adolescent health is one of the Millennium Development Goals. Adolescent health planning to achieve an acceptable level of health and prevention of waste of capital should be based on attention to all aspects of health and performing needs assessment. Objective: This study aims to determine the health needs of male adolescents in Iran and the factors associated with their needs. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were boys studying in the first and second year of high school in the fields of mathematics, experimental sciences, humanities, and technical sciences at public, non-profit, and gifted & talented schools in Rasht, Iran. The sampling was done using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected by using a demographic form and the Male Adolescent Health Needs-Assessment Scale. Results: The boys’ Mean±SD scores of physical, sexual, mental, and social health needs was 49.65±0.15, 11.39±0.12, 89.28±0.29 and 47.3±0.24, respectively. Majority of them obtained excellent scores in physical (76%) and mental health (94%) needs and a good score in social health (81.3%) need, while they earned a moderate score in sexual health need (57.8%). Liner regression analysis results showed that the physical health need of boys had a statistically significant relationship with the type of study school (P= 0.001); their sexual health need with age (P= 0.002), type of study school (P= 0.015), mother’s education (P= 0.025), and mother’s occupation (P= 0.005); their mental health need with the type of study school (P= 0.009), birth rank (P= 0.048), father’s job (P= 0.021), and mother’s job (P= 0.022); and their social health need with the type of study school (P= 0.001). Conclusion: Most important health needs of male adolescents in Iran is sexual health need followed by social, physical and mental health needs. The most important factors related to their health needs are type of study school, mother’s job and education, birth rank, and father’s job. The results of this study can be effective and useful in designing and implementing need-based interventions to promote male adolescents’ health.