Khuumii (throat or overtone singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, which is a type of singing in which the singer manipulates the resonances (or formants) created as air travels from the lungs, past the vocal folds, and out of the lips to produce a melody. A total of 60 participants, aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women), were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. X-ray, endoscopy, and sound research method were used in the study, and the composition of blood gas was analysed. X-ray examination determined the state during each different types of Khuumii; Shakhaa and Kharkhiraa. As the basic timbre of Shakhaa Khuumii went up progressively the larynx grew and the compression strength increased, while the basic timbre went down, and the larynx became lower. In the case of Kharkhiraa Khuumii, the larynx position was elevated to a relatively small extent compared to Shakhaa Khuumii and the distance between the sublingual bone and the larynx was large. The sublingual bone trunk lowered during Shakhaa Khuumii, while it was slightly elevated during Kharkhiraa Khuumii. The laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, glottal volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. The blood gas composition test showed partial pressure (pO2), and saturation of oxygen (SaO2) decreased after performing Khuumii. In the case of Shakhaa and Kharkhiraa Khuumi, it is appropriate to divide Khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved.

Objectives: Vitamins play critical roles in cellular metabolism, growth, and many enzymatic processes of the human body. They are also crucial in signal transduction and transcription pathways of many processes, including osteoclast differentiation. This review focused on the positive or negative effect of vitamins on osteoclast differentiation in vivo and in vitro, especially signal transduction. Methods: A systematic review of the literature regarding the contributions of the osteoclast differentiation and vitamins was performed, and the most relevant findings on the effect of vitamins on osteoclast differentiation were selected. Results: Vitamin D, E, B1, B5, B6, and B12 have mainly anti-osteoporotic effects; however, their mechanism on osteoclast differentiation and activation are variable. Vitamins A and C have been considered to activate osteoclast differentiation and function, but some report a suppressive effect on osteoclast function. Vitamin K and B2 exert an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and activation both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, a direct action of niacin, biotin, and folic acid on osteoclast differentiation and activation remains unclear. Conclusions: Collectively, vitamins act on osteoclast differentiation and function in various ways depending on cell type, cell maturation and microenvironment.

Purpose: Investigate specific characteristic of blood supply of fetal vertebral bodies. Material & Methods: 16-30 week aged 20 fetuses (10 male, 10 female) were used for the study. Norms and requirements of Bio-Medical Ethics have not been violated in the use of human material in the study. Black-ink perfusion and cast of substance absorbing X-ray were applied in the fetuses. Results: Three concentric zones could be distinguished in the vascular architecture of the fetal vertebral bodies. 1) The peripheral zone of perichondrial vessels; 2) The intermediate zone of radial vessels. 3. The central zone of the ossification centre vessels. We used black-ink perfusion and cast of substance absorbing X-ray were applied in the fetuses. Periosteum of fetal vertebral bodies are distributed originating from fine arteries of 70-120 diameter and arterioles of 30-50 diameter which are part of arteries of network of micro blood circulation. Venules are followed along two sides of this arteriole and short precapillaries are branched out in tree-like manner from it forming capillary network surrounding arteriole and capillary plexuses. Postcapillaries branched from the network are being emerged the venules accompanied arterioles. Conclusions: Micro blood circulatory system of the vertebrae has angion structure. The peripheral zone of perichondrial vessels has combined blood supply surrounded by blindly ending capillary network drained up and down from the central zone. The central zone of vertebral body is supplied with blood by the main arteriole.