still occurring at a rate of 1.9 billion tons per year, and 108 million acres (29 percent of cropland) is still eroding at excessive rates (USDA-ARS, 1997).Conservation of agriculture is a multi-dimensional approach the level of both energy usage and cost is minimized; and which involves the leaving of crop residues on surface to decompose in situ to protect water and soil. Direct seeding makes production profitable by decreasing the water and wind erosion. Although protecting of the soil is the main goal, soil moisture, energy usage, labor, and protection of machineries are also important (Köller, 2003).Effective use of energy in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial savings, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction. Energy efficiency can be increased by decreasing the energy use from inputs such as fertilizer or tillage operations or by increasing the outputs such as crop yield. Aykas and Önal (1999) studied on how different tillage methods may affect both the yield of wheat and the amount of weed. According to results of the study, the highest yield value was 420 kg da -1 for reduced tillage, and the lowest was 350 kg da -1 for direct seeding.
In the study, the mean germination time (MED) was determined as 16.6 days, 21.08 days, and 9.75 days in the traditional sowing method, cross double row sowing method and Parallel double row planting method, respectively, and the germination rate index (ERI) in the same order. It was found as 0.31 - 0.52 - 0.40 pieces/m.day. Grain yield was 15260 kg/ha in traditional sowing method, 22330 kg/ha in cross double row sowing method and 18300 kg/ha in parallel double row sowing method. As a result of the experiments and calculations, the net energy yield was found to be 297,353.23 Mj/ha, 238.986.57 Mj/ha, 194.782.97 Mj/ha, respectively, than the cross double row planting method, parallel double row planting method and traditional planting method. The maximum energy efficiency was obtained in the cross double row planting method as 0.79 kg/Mj, followed by the parallel double row planting method and the traditional planting method with the values of 0.66 kg/Mj and 0.55 kg/Mj, respectively. The maximum output/input ratio was found in cross double row planting with 11,54%, then parallel double row planting with 9,59% and traditional planting with 8,03%. This study reveals that the cross-planting method is more advantageous than other methods and that this method can be used economically.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, tarımsal faaliyetlerin zamanında yapılmasını sağlayarak, en az sayıda geçişle, toprağı daha iyi parçalanıp karıştırılması, yüzey profil düzgünsüzlüğü, penetrasyon direnci ve kesilme direnci bakımından kuyruk milinden tahrikli tek etkili bir diskli tırmığın ve hareketini topraktan alan serbest hareketli diskli tırmığın, toprağın bazı fiziksel özelliklerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada; topraktan hareket alan tek etkili diskli tırmık ile kuyruk milinden hareketli tek etkili diskli tırmık makineleri kullanılmıştır. Topraktan hareket alan tek etkili diskli tırmık denemeleri iki farklı disk çapı (610 mm ve 660 mm) ve üç farklı yön açısında (160- 230 ve 300) yapılmıştır. Kuyruk milinden hareketli tek etkili diskli tırmık ise iki farklı disk çapı (610 mm ve 660 mm), üç farklı yön açısı (160- 230 ve 300) ve üç farklı disk devirlerinde (104.97- 119.97 ve 143.96 min-1) denemeleri yapılmıştır. Bütün denmeler traktörün (4.14 kmh-1) sabit ilerleme hızında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Uygulamalar sonucunda, toprak kesilme direnci, penetrasyon direnci, toprağın ağırlıklı ortalama çapı, toprak işleme sonrası yüzey düzgünsüzlüğü belirlenmiştir. Bütün uygulamalarda penetrasyon direnci 0.39-2.65 MPa arasında, toprak kesilme direnci 0.32 – 2.08 N cm -2 arasında, yüzey düzgünsüzlük değeri %23.98- %35.05 arasında ve ağırlıklı ortalama çap değeri 2.05- 4.70 mm arasında elde edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda her iki çapta, bütün devirlerde ve 230 - 300 yön açılarında kuyruk milinden hareketli diskli tırmığın hareketini topraktan alan tek etkili diskli tırmığa kıyasla daha üstün olduğu söylenebilir.
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