In single-autoAb relatives, the time to multiple-autoAb positivity increases with age and the absence of IAA and genotype. The majority of multiple-autoAb individuals progress to diabetes within 20 years; this occurs more rapidly in the presence of IA-2A or ZnT8A, regardless of age, genotype, and number of autoAbs. These data may help to refine the risk stratification of presymptomatic type 1 diabetes.
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