<p><strong>Background:</strong> The main problem in grapevine cultivation is root-attachment nematodes cause serious yield problems in most crops worldwide. Through their different infection mechanisms these nematodes synthesize and secrete a mixture of protein-based effectors that they use to penetrate the root, migrate and develop into giant root feeding cells in host plants. The use of new molecular tools such as MALDI TOF/TOF (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Time-Of-Flight) mass spectrometry and PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique have allowed us to know these proteins and genes in different microorganisms. <strong>Objective:</strong> To characterize the root-knot nematode <em>Meloidogyne javanica</em> by sequencing the 18S rRNA gene from infected root samples and the effector proteins of juvenile (J2) and adult (J4) stage of <em>M. javanica</em> by MALDI TOF/TOF shotgun proteomics dual mass spectrometry. <strong>Methodology:</strong> Infected roots of grapevine crop were collected to extract fresh galls and J2 of <em>M. javanica</em>, then inoculated on tomato plants. J4 of <em>M. javanica</em> were used for genomic DNA extraction and sequencing at the 18S rRNA gene level. The J2 and J4 stages of <em>M. javanica </em>were disinfected with sodium hypochlorite (0.5%) and sterile distilled water for protein extraction and analysis with MALDI-TOF/TOF. Finally, the sequences obtained were processed with ProteinPilot™ and Protein BLAST software for the identification of effector proteins of <em>M. javanica. </em><strong>Results:</strong> The nematode <em>M. javanica</em> was molecularly identified by PCR amplification of the 18S rDNA gene <em>M. javanica</em> with an identity percentage of 98% from infected root samples and by MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry, effector protein sequences were identified such as: Beta-1,4-endoglucan and polygalaturonase, identified from J2, and expansin B2, CLAVATA3/ESR, Pectate lyase and Chorismato mutase from J4, involved in the different infection processes. In addition, we were able to identify 49 nematode non-effector proteins in both stages related to conserved biological development.<strong> Implications:</strong> The results indicate the existence of effector proteins related to root gill formation. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study confirms that dual mass spectrometry methodology provides in a rapid and reproducible way a proteomic profile that the galls nematode synthesizes to infect root cells and that can be used in other types of pathogens.</p>

Manglar ¿El consumo de agua con alta concentración de arsénico provoca anemia infantil? Does drinking water with a high concentration of arsenic cause anemia in children?

Species of the genus Cinchona are recognized for their effectiveness in treating malaria. For Peru, this genus is of greater importance regarding forestry and civic aspects, because it represents the richness of the plant resource. Nevertheless, nowadays Cinchona populations are strongly threatened by various anthropogenic activities. Cutervo National Park (PNC) is the Peruvian's first Protected Natural Area (ANP) and is considered as a conservation unit for the genus Cinchona. Objective: Determine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the species of the genus Cinchona that inhabit the PNC. Methods: We tested 13 samples using the matK marker and a phylogenetic tree was generated using the maximum likelihood method and bootstrap measures of phylogenetic support. Results: 8 number of haplotypes (h) were recorded, with haplotype diversity (Hd) 0.859 and nucleotide diversity (π) 0.35%, also identifying: C. calisaya, C. pubescens and C. pitayensis for the PNC; the phylogenetic tree showed C. pitayensis as conserved specie, meanwhile C. pubsecens is present in many groups. Conclusions: The high genetic diversity of Cinchona and haplotype record of C. calisaya, species with a national conservation category of "Vulnerable", increases the importance for biodiversity conservation of the PNC.