ResumenEl artículo analiza la evolución de los estudios desde la temática de la deserción a la retención de estudiantes en las universidades, contextualizando este fenómeno en el caso chileno, donde los estudios sobre resultados educativos han dado cuenta de un problema de significación asociado a la pobreza. Se inserta esta discusión en la temática de la exclusión social y educativa que genera el sistema educativo, incluyendo el nivel superior, y debate las principales orientaciones sobre esta materia desde la perspectiva teóri-ca señalada.Palabras clave: modelos de retención, exclusión social, educación superior. AbstractThe article analyzes the evolution of the studies from the thematic of desertion of students in the universities in Chile. The studies on educative results have given to account of a meaning problem associate to poverty. This discussion is in the thematic wich social and educational exclusion is inserted, including the superior level. It debates the main directions on this matter from the indicated theoretical perspective.

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In the past two decades, Chile has implemented three reform strategies that shaped its educational decentralization process, each motivated by different goals. In the 1980's, during the military regime, an economic model structured a voucher system that created incentives for parents to choose schools for their children. In theory, bad schools would improve in quality or go out of business. The second reform began in 1990 and was embedded in the transition from autocratic to democratic government. Sociologists were the intellectual authors of this initiative which focused on improving the working conditions of teachers. In 1994, the third strategy began with educational researchers focusing attention on the classroom effectiveness and the need for better instructional materials and improvements in the teaching/learning process. The continued study of educational decentralization in Chile is important because it represents the only nation in the world with a nationwide voucher system.

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