Testicular torsion is an emergency that causes the reduction of blood flow in the testis and surrounding structures in neonates, children and adolescents owing to the rotation of the spermatic cord around itself (Yilmaz et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2012). Early diagnosis and surgical management are required to prevent infertility and subfertility (Akgur et al., 1993). The incidence in men under 25 years is 1/4,000 (Mansour et al., 2019). Of the patients, 61% are under 21 years of age and have a bimodal age distribution. It peaks in two separate periods: in neonatal patients and those approximately 13 years of age (Kapoor, 2008; Gomes Dde et al., 2015). Interestingly, the frequency of testicular torsion was associated with environmental factors. In winter, especially in December, the frequency of testicular torsion increased (14%) (Lyronis et al., 2009). Testicular torsion should be diagnosed within the first 4-6 hr. Especially if there is complete spermatic cord torsion (i.e. 720-degree rotation), as it causes irreversible ischaemic damage and gonad loss in the testis (Asgari et al., 2006). Despite successful surgical intervention, 40%-60% of testicular atrophy may develop into infertility in the following years (Yildirim et al., 2018). The main pathophysiology of testicular torsion is, after ischaemic injury induced by a torsioned spermatic cord, surgical detorsion causes reperfusion injury due to free oxygen radicals (Anim et al., 2005). Ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) damage occurs because of the stimulation of an intracellular cascade containing activation of

In this study, genetic diversity of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) populations from Euphrates and Tigris rivers in Turkey was evaluated based on gene sequence analysis of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) locus. Six polymorphic sites and seven haplotypes were detected in 47 samples collected from four populations viz., Adiyaman, Birecik, Bismil and Batman. The mean haplotype diversity (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) were calculated as h = 0,6420 and π = 0,00138 respectively. Pairwise FST statistics of different populations were found to be negative, low and were insignificant, indicating gene flow. AMOVA analysis showed Fst = 0.09865 and p = 0.00489, indicating that the populations were isolated. The results of Neutrality tests showed an increase in Adiyaman, Birecik and Bismil populations and a decline in Batman population, all values being statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Three haplotypes determined for mtDNA COI locus in the present study form important data set for genetic diversity of this species.

uodenum hematomu (DH) nadir görülen ve çoğunlukla künt karın travmaları sonrası gelişen klinik bir durumdur. Ayrıca özofagogas-troduodenoskopi (ÖGD) ve biyopsinin komplikasyonu olarak da ortaya çıkabilmektedir.1 Duodenumdan biyopsi alınması sonrası gelişen kanama, lümen içi veya kas içi hematoma neden olabilmektedir. ÖGD iş-lemlerinde biyopsi sonrası gelişen DH çocuklarda erişkinlerden daha fazla görülmektedir.2,3 Biyopsi sonrası DH gelişme riski kanama bozukluğu olan ve antikoagülan tedavi alanlarda daha yüksektir.4,5 Ayrıca büyüme geriliği olan çocuklarda da DH gelişimi riskinin arttığı bildirilmektedir.3,6 DH biyopsi alınmasından saatler veya günler sonra şiddetli karın ağrısı ve kusma gibi belirtilere neden olmaktadır. Bulunduğu anatomik bölgeye bağlı ola-35