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The consumption of certain beverages may affect the physical and biological properties of resin composites (RCs) according to type. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the surface properties and cariogenic biofilm formation in microhybrid and nanohybrid RCs after immersion in different beverages. The effects of four beverages

The aim of this study is to investigate the depth of cure (DOC) of the bulk fill composite samples prepared in different thicknesses with two different modes of light curing device with Vickers hardness tester. Methods: Five different bulk-fill composite materials were used in the present study. 20 sample of 2 mm and 20 sample of 4 mm thick samples were prepared, 10 samples from each group were polymerized for 20 seconds with the standard mode (Mode 1) of the light curing device and 10 samples polymerized with soft-start mode (Mode 2) for 25 seconds (n=10). Hardness measurements were made from the upper and lower surfaces of each sample and the hardness ratio was calculated. The statistical analysis was performed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparisons (p = 0.05). Results: The hardness ratios of all composites were determined to be over 80%, which is clinically acceptable. There was a statistically significant difference between the DOC levels according to the composites (p <0.05). There was a statistically significant difference according to the thickness (p <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference according to polymerization procedures (p >0.05). Conclusions: The surface hardness ratios of all groups were determined to be over 80%, which is clinically acceptable. The polymerization with soft start technique may not different from the standard-mode for polymerization depth.

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of frequently consumed beverages on the color stability and surface properties of direct and indirect dental composite materials. The two dental composite materials (direct and indirect) and four beverages (distilled water, tea, coffee, cola) were assessed. The specimens were prepared for evaluating monomer conversion, water sorption, and color stability (n = 10) and taking scanning electron and atomic force microscopy images (n = 3). The data were analyzed using independent t‐test, Mann‐Whitney U test, two‐way analysis of variance, and Spearman's correlation (P < .05). Indirect dental composite materials had better monomer conversion, color stability, and surface roughness value when compared to direct dental composite materials (P < .001, P = .002, P = .002, respectively). The control group had lower ΔE00 values when compared to the tea (P < .001) and coffee (P < .001) groups. There was a negative correlation between monomer conversion and surface roughness (r = −0.481, P = .032). Color stability and surface roughness value of direct dental composite materials differed from indirect dental composite materials after immersed in different beverages. The tested beverages significantly influenced color stability.

Introduction Nivolumab is a human immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody that inhibits programmed cell death-1 activity by binding to the programmed cell death-1 receptors. Cancer cells express increased number of programmed cell death-1 ligands and this allows them to escape the cytotoxic effects of the T cells. Therefore, the negative programmed cell death-1 receptor signal regulates T-cell proliferation and activation is disrupted. However, this change in the activity of the T cells can cause them to lose their ability to recognize host cells. The immune response enabled by these agents has led to side effects, commonly known as “immune-related adverse events.” Case report We report a case of a 66-year-old male patient who was treated with nivolumab for recurrent renal cell carcinoma presented with hepatitis and adrenalitis. Three weeks after starting nivolumab, the patient had abdominal pain and weakness, and then aspartate and alanine transaminase levels were found to be elevated. Management and outcome Hepatitis was predicted to be due to nivolumab, because other causes were excluded. He started using oral methylprednisolone and then, hepatitis improved. However, while receiving methylprednisolone treatment, fludrocortisone was started with the pre-diagnosis of adrenalitis due to the persistence of fatigue, weakness, and hyponatremia and hyperkalemia. With both treatments, the patient's symptoms and sodium and potassium level returned to normal. Discussion This case emphasizes the need for patient's education and awareness of immune-related adverse events, and the importance of understanding the management of life-threatening complications of the checkpoint inhibitors, because these side effects require prompt recognition and treatment.