This paper identifies practices that can facilitate knowledge transfer in university-industry (U-I) research partnerships by systematically reviewing extant literature. We aim to contribute to the theoretical development in the field of academic engagement and propose that knowledge transfer provides a valuable perspective. We started our review with identifying barriers and facilitators of knowledge transfer. Extant literature identified knowledge differences and differences in goals resulting from different institutional cultures as important barriers to knowledge transfer. They result in ambiguity, problems with knowledge absorption and difficulties with the application of knowledge. Trust, communication, the use of intermediaries and experience are found as facilitators for knowledge transfer that help to resolve the identified barriers. Our analysis offers practical advice for the management of academic engagement. Finally, we identified questions for future research based on inconsistencies in extant research and open questions we encountered during our analysis.
Overheidsbeleid voor het landelijk gebied wordt veelal uitgevoerd in (integrale) gebiedsprocessen. In deze studie hebben we aan de hand van drie verschillende (typen) gebiedsprocessen de verschillende barrières voor extensivering/verbreding van de landbouw geanalyseerd alsmede de manier(en) waarmee men tracht deze barrières te overwinnen. Centraal in deze studie staan de ervaringen in drie recente gebiedsprocessen (Engbertsdijksvenen, Schiermonnikoog en Ronde Hoep). Belangrijke barrières zijn het ontbreken van een gemeenschappelijke probleemperceptie tussen overheden en gebiedspartijen, het ontbreken van duidelijke overheidsdoelen, het tussentijds aanpassen van overheidsdoelen en -regels en het ontbreken van een concreet uitgewerkt instrumentarium voor extensivering/verbreding van de landbouw. Oplossingsrichtingen voor deze barrières variëren sterk per (type) gebiedsproces. Zo kan het ontbreken van instrumenten voor extensivering/verbreding in het ene gebiedsproces leiden tot het vormen van een pilot/experiment, terwijl in een ander gebiedsproces de betrokken boeren worden uitgekocht en extensivering/verbreding hierdoor (voorlopig) niet van de grond komt. De ervaringen uit de bestudeerde gebiedsprocessen leveren concrete lessen op voor toekomstige gebiedsprocessen in het kader van het Nationaal Programma Landelijk Gebied (NPLG).Government policies for rural areas are often implemented in area processes. In this study we analysed the barriers to agricultural extensification/diversification and the approaches taken to overcoming them in three different types of area processes. Central to this study are the experiences in three recent area processes (Engbertsdijksvenen, Schiermonnikoog and Ronde Hoep). Important barriers are the lack of a common perception of the problem among government authorities and stakeholders in the area, the lack of clear government objectives, the changing of government objectives and regulations during the course of the process, and the lack of a set of concrete policy instruments for agricultural extensification/diversification. Possible solutions for overcoming these barriers vary considerably, depending on the type of area process. For example, in one area process the lack of instruments for extensification/diversification may be circumvented by setting up a pilot project/experiment, while in another area process the farmers concerned may be bought out and no progress at all is made with extensification/diversification, at least for the time being. The experiences in the area processes investigated provide concrete lessons for future area processes under the National Rural Areas Programme (NPLG).
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