Solid-state batteries utilizing Li metal anodes have the potential to enable improved performance (specific energy >500 Wh/kg, energy density >1,500 Wh/L), safety, recyclability, and potentially lower cost (< $100/kWh) compared to advanced Li-ion systems. 1,2 These improvements are critical for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles and trucks and could create a short haul electric aviation industry. [1][2][3] Expectations for solid-state batteries are high, but there are significant materials and processing challenges to overcome.On May 15 th , 2020, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) hosted a 6-hour, national online workshop to discuss recent advances and prominent obstacles to realizing solid-state Li metal batteries. The workshop included more than 30 experts from national laboratories, universities, and companies, all of whom have worked on solid-state batteries for multiple years. The participants' consensus is that, although recent progress on solid-state batteries is exciting, much has yet to be researched, discovered, scaled, and developed. Our goal was to examine the issues and identify the most pressing needs and most significant opportunities. The organizers asked workshop participants to present their views by articulating fundamental knowledge gaps for materials and processing science, mechanical behavior and battery architectures critical to advancing solid-state battery technology. The organizers used this input to set the workshop agenda. The group also considered what would incentivize the adoption of US manufacturing and how to accelerate and focus research attention for the benefit of the US energy, climate, and economic interests. The participants identified pros and cons for sulfide, oxide, and polymerbased solid-state batteries and identified common science gaps among the different chemistries. Addressing these common science gaps may reveal the most promising systems to pursue in the future.

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