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ObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to develop a coronary heart disease (CHD) risk model among the Korean Heart Study (KHS) population and compare it with the Framingham CHD risk score.DesignA prospective cohort study within a national insurance system.Setting18 health promotion centres nationwide between 1996 and 2001 in Korea.Participants268 315 Koreans between the ages of 30 and 74 years without CHD at baseline.Outcome measureNon-fatal or fatal CHD events between 1997 and 2011. During an 11.6-year median follow-up, 2596 CHD events (1903 non-fatal and 693 fatal) occurred in the cohort. The optimal CHD model was created by adding high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and triglycerides to the basic CHD model, evaluating using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and continuous net reclassification index (NRI).ResultsThe optimal CHD models for men and women included HDL-cholesterol (NRI=0.284) and triglycerides (NRI=0.207) from the basic CHD model, respectively. The discrimination using the CHD model in the Korean cohort was high: the areas under ROC were 0.764 (95% CI 0.752 to 0.774) for men and 0.815 (95% CI 0.795 to 0.835) for women. The Framingham risk function predicted 3–6 times as many CHD events than observed. Recalibration of the Framingham function using the mean values of risk factors and mean CHD incidence rates of the KHS cohort substantially improved the performance of the Framingham functions in the KHS cohort.ConclusionsThe present study provides the first evidence that the Framingham risk function overestimates the risk of CHD in the Korean population where CHD incidence is low. The Korean CHD risk model is well-calculated alternations which can be used to predict an individual's risk of CHD and provides a useful guide to identify the groups at high risk for CHD among Koreans.

The goal of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the clinical outcomes of arthroscopic repair for chronic ankle instability using a bioabsorbable anchor with 2 sutures. We evaluated the results of 28 ankles treated with arthroscopic anterior talofibular ligament repair using bioabsorbable anchors with a FiberWire and TigerWire suture (Arthrex, Inc, Naples, Florida) placed on the fibula from March 2008 to January 2009. Average follow-up was 15.9 months (range, 13-25 months). Patients were evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hindfoot ankle score and stress radiographs. Mean AOFAS hindfoot ankle score was 92.48 ± 6.14 at last follow-up compared to the mean preoperative score of 60.78 ± 16.38 (P=.041). Mean postoperative anterior draw test score difference between 2 ankles was 0.61 ± 0.75 compared to the mean preoperative score difference of 3.59 ± 0.68 (P=.00). There was a 14% complication rate, including 3 cases of portal site irritation and 1 case of superficial infection. Stress radiographs revealed 3 cases of anterior displacement >3 mm compared to the other side. All patients returned to their previous activity level.Arthroscopic ligament reconstruction for chronic lateral ankle instability using suture anchors is effective in returning patients to their preinjury function levels. Good clinical results were obtained with some minor complications. This minimally invasive technique is a reasonable alternative to other open surgical procedures for chronic ankle instability.

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Microwave dielectric properties and far infrared reflectivity spectra were investigated in the (Zr0.8Sn0.2)TiO4 ceramics with 1 mol% Sb2O5, Sb2O3 and Nd2O3, respectively. Dielectric constant was not significantly changed, while the unloaded Q value was affected with additives. The unloaded Q of the pure (Zr0.8Sn0.2)TiO4 specimens was higher than that of the specimens with Sb2O3 and/or Nd2O3, but lower than that of the specimens with Sb2O5. The high unloaded Q value of 6600 at 7 GHz was obtained for the specimens with 1 mol% Sb2O5 due to elimination of oxygen vacancies. The effects of additives on the intrinsic microwave losses of the specimens were investigated by the infrared reflectivity spectra from 50 to 4000 cm-1, which were evaluated using the Kramers-Kronig analysis and classical oscillator model. The relative tendency of microwave dielectric properties calculated from the reflectivity data was in good agreement with the results by the Hakki and Coleman's method.