A mean scotopic pupil diameter of 6.15 mm with a maximal pupil size of 9.00 mm can be expected in a normal population; this should be considered in refractive corneal and refractive lens surgery. Measurements with the Colvard pupillometer were more reliable and precise than those with the VIVA pupillometer.

LASIK with superior hinge and scanning spot excimer photoablation is suitable for the correction of myopia (up to a maximum of -12 D) and for myopic astigmatism (up to a maximum of -5 D). The refractive results showed a high stability during the 12-month study period but there is still room for improvement of the predictability.

Background: Antisynthetase syndrome (ASyS) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory myopathy, arthritis, fever, and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Pulmonary involvement in ASyS significantly increases morbidity and mortality and, therefore, requires prompt and effective immunosuppressive treatment. Owing to the rarity of ASyS, limited data exists on progression and prognosis of ILD under immunosuppression.Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the radiological progression and outcome measures of ILD with immunosuppressive therapy in patients with ASyS.Methods: Twelve patients with ASyS-associated ILD (ASyS-ILD) were included. Demographic and clinical data, including organ involvement, pulmonary function tests (PFT), laboratory parameters, imaging studies, and treatment regimens were retrospectively analyzed from routinely collected data. The extent of ground glass opacities, fibrotic changes and honeycombing was analyzed and scored using high-resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) scans. HRCT findings were compared between baseline and follow-up examinations. In addition, patients were stratified depending on whether they had received rituximab (RTX) or not.Results: Pulmonary function tests revealed stable lung function and follow-up HRCT scans showed an improvement of radiological alterations in the majority of ASyS patients under immunosuppressive therapy. We did not detect significant differences between the RTX- and non-RTX-treated groups, but the RTX-treated patients more frequently had myositis and relapsing disease.Conclusions: Radiographic alterations in ASyS-associated ILD respond to immunosuppressive treatment. RTX is a feasible treatment option with similar clinical and radiographic outcomes in patients with relapsing disease and clinically apparent myositis.

PARK using the VISX 20/20 excimer laser is an acceptable procedure to correct myopic astigmatism. However, the study revealed that astigmatic reduction with a broad beam laser is not yet perfect in terms of efficacy, predictability and safety.