ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas de manejo e da palha residual na produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com três experimentos e, dez repetições nos experimentos 1 e 2 e, 6 repetições no experimento 3. Os experimentos foram: E1 -sistema plantio direto (E1PD) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens na camada de 0,0 -0,07 m + aplainamento com remaplam (E1PC), em área de três anos de cultivo de arroz, após pousio do cultivo de arroz e semeadura de azevém no inverno, com pastejo animal o ano todo; E2 -sistema plantio direto (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2PC), após campo nativo; E3 -plantio direto com ausência de palha na superfície do solo (E30P), palha atual na superfície do solo de 3.726 kg ha -1 (E31P), duas vezes a quantidade de palha atual, 7.452 kg ha -1 (E32P) e três vezes a quantidade de palha atual, 11.178 kg ha -1 (E33P). No solo, foram avaliados o diâmetro médio geométrico dos agregados, a densidade, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, nas camadas de 0,0 -0,05 e 0,05 -0,10 m. Na colheita, foram avaliados o número de panículas em área de 0,25 m 2 , número de grãos cheios, vazios e total em 10 panículas, massa de mil sementes e a produtividade de grãos de arroz em 2 m 2 . O sistema de manejo convencional apresenta maior macroporosidade e porosidade total do solo, comparado ao sistema plantio direto, porém, não resulta em diferença nos componentes de produção e produtividade de grãos de arroz. O manejo do solo em sistema plantio direto, com a quantidade de palha de arroz na superfície do solo de até 11.178 kg ha -1 , antes da semeadura, não reduz a produtividade de grãos de arroz irrigado por inundação. Palavras-chave: Sistema convencional, plantio direto, restos culturais, rendimento, Oryza sativa AbstractThe objective of this study was evaluate the effect of management systems and straw in flooded irrigated rice yield. The experimental design was a completely randomized with three experiments and, 10 replications in experiment 1 and 2 and, 6 replications in experiment 3. The experiments were: E1 -no-till system (E1PD) and conventional system with two harrowings at 0.0-0.07 m layer and leveling with remaplam (E1PC), after three years of sowing rice, after fallow of rice tillage, with sowing of rye grass in winter and grazing; E2 -no-till system (E2PD) and conventional system after native field
-This study aimed at evaluating the effect of Azospirillum brasilense, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, on flooded irrigated rice yield. Evaluations were carried out in a shaded nursery, with seedlings grown on an Alfisol. Were performed two sets of experiments. In the first, were carried out four experiments using the flooded rice cultivars INIA Olimar, Puitá Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 and Irga 424; these trials were set up as completely randomized design in a 5x4 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments consisted of five nitrogen rates (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha -1 ) and four levels of liquid inoculant Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 -A. brasilense (0, 1, 2 and 4 times the manufacturer's recommendation) without seed treatment. In second set, were performed two experiments using the cultivars Puitá Inta-CL and Br Irga 409, arranged in the same design, but using a 4x2 factorial. In this set, treatments were composed of four levels of Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 -A. brasilense liquid inoculant (0, 1, 2 and 4 times the recommendation of 100 mL ha -1 ), using rice seeds with and without insecticide and fungicide treatment. Shoot dry matter, number of panicles, and rice grain yield per pot were the assessed variables. The results showed that rice seed inoculation with A. brasilense had no effects on rice grain yield of the cultivars INIA Olimar, Puitá Inta-CL, Br Irga 409 and Irga 424.
Soil temperature and humidity are the chief determinants for good nodule formation at the time of sowing and emergence. The aim of this study was to estimate the soil temperature and humidity range, at which the Bradyrhizobium spp., and Azospirillum brasilense may have the highest effect on root enhancement and development of nodulation in soybean. Two experiments were conducted, the first of which was done in the seed laboratory performing the treatments listed as non-inoculated; inoculation with Bradyrhizobium; root enhancers; inoculation with Bradyrhizobium + root enhancers; co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum brasilense; co-inoculation with Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum brasilense + root enhancers, and assessed at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC. The experimental design was completely randomized with distribution in a factorial. The second experiment was executed in a greenhouse, employing the same treatments affected in the seed laboratory experiment, but with the addition of non-inoculated control with mineral nitrogen. Tests were done at the soil moisture levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100% water retention capacity, forming a factorial 7 x 4 (only second experiment). All co-inoculated treatments induced the soybean root system to improve, in terms of length, volume, surface area and root diameter, exhibiting superiority to the uninoculated control in the 20 to 30ºC temperature range. The co-inoculation raised nodulation in the soybean crop, when soil water retention capacity was at the range of 56 - 96%, achieving higher means compared to the standard inoculation. The root planter added no improvement to either the root system or nodulation in soybean.
O manejo de inverno e inoculação de sementes influenciam na produtividade e qualidade da silagem de milho sob sistema plantio direto 1 O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de resíduos culturais, de doses de nitrogênio e da inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense sobre os componentes de rendimento e de qualidade da silagem de milho, sob sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em um fatorial com diferentes resíduos culturais de trigo, cevada e aveia preta (cultivares Fundacep Horizonte, Quartzo, Mirante, Campo Real, BRS Cauê, MN 743 e Moreninha), doses de nitrogênio (0; 88,59 e 177,18 kg de N ha -1 ) e presença e ausência de inoculação com A. brasilense. Foram avaliados os componentes de produtividade e a qualidade bromatológica do produto ensilado. Os resíduos culturais e as doses de nitrogênio não influenciaram a produtividade de grãos. A silagem do milho cultivado após a cultura da cevada apresentou valores de fibra em detergente neutro inferiores ao milho cultivado após as culturas do trigo e da aveia preta. A aplicação de 177,18 kg de N ha -1 incrementou em pelo menos 2,13 e 2,18 Mg ha -1 a massa seca de silagem do milho cultivado, respectivamente, após a cultura da cevada e da aveia preta. A cobertura do solo com a cultura da aveia (cultivar moreninha) no inverno melhora a qualidade bromatológica da silagem de milho. A inoculação com A. brasilense incrementa a produtividade de grãos, porém, não influencia o teor de proteína da silagem do milho.Palavras-chave: Azospirillum brasilense; adubação nitrogenada; cobertura do solo; Zea mays L.The purpose of this study was to assess crop residue effects, nitrogen doses, and inoculation of seeds with Azospirillum brasilense concerning yield and corn silage quality using direct planting system. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria -RS, Brazil. A randomized block design approach was used and treatments were distributed in a factor analysis with different crop residues (cultivars Fundacep Horizonte, Quartzo, Mirante, Campo Real, BRS Cauê, MN 743, and Moreninha), nitrogen doses (0; 88.59, and 177.18 kg de N ha -1 ), and presence and absence of inoculation with A. brasilense. Productivity and bromatological quality of the silage product were assessed. Crop residues and nitrogen doses did not influence grain productivity. After barley crop, corn silage presented lower neutral detergent fiber values in relation to maize grown after wheat and black oat crops. The dose of 177.18 kg N ha -1 increased silage dry mass of corn at least by 2.13 and 2.18 Mg ha -1 , respectively, after barley and black oat crops. The soil cover with an oat crop (cv. Moreninha) in winter improves the bromatological quality of corn silage. Inoculation with A. brasilense increases grain yield, but does not influence the protein content of corn silage.
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