Two new species, Merostachys ramosa and M. ximenae, from the Brazilian Atlantic forest are here described and illustrated. The species are apparently endemic to Minas Gerais state, with M. ramosa being restricted to the Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro. The conservation status of each species is examined. A key to all taxa of Merostachys present in eastern Minas Gerais and comments about the species are provided.

Bamboos of the Neotropical Chusquea subg. Swallenochloa are characteristic of high elevation grasslands from Mexico to Argentina and in Brazil, with a few species occurring in montane or other forests. The central Andean diversity of subg. Swallenochloa remains poorly studied, but recent field work revealed the existence of additional species diversity within sect. Swallenochloa of subg. Swallenochloa in Peru. We here present a preliminary revision of the eight named species of sect. Swallenochloa for Peru, including the description of two new endemic species, C. gamarrae and C. intipaqariy, and the resurrection of two other endemic species, C. simplicissima and C. weberbaueri, which were previously treated as synonyms of C. spicata, apparently another Peruvian endemic. This revision includes detailed descriptions (or re-descriptions) of the eight species of sect. Swallenochloa confirmed for Peru, morphological keys for their identification (vegetative vs. reproductive and vegetative), photographic images showing diagnostic features for all eight species, comparative tables and a distribution map. Previous identifications of some specimens are also discussed and, in some cases, modified, and a list of Incertae Sedis specimens from Peru with comments is included. A second-step lectotypification of the name C. weberbaueri is also proposed. The second collection of C. simplicissima, made 111 years after the type collection, is newly documented in this study. Two other species, C. smithii and C. weberbaueri, remain known only from their type collections, and the two newly described species are known from only a single population each, highlighting the need for additional field work and herbarium study of this ecologically important group.

Two new species included in Chusquea subg. Swallenochloa, C. fruticosa and C. imbricata, are here described and illustrated, and comments on their morphology, conservation status and distribution are provided. Reproductive structures of Chusquea caparaoensis, a species of this subgenus previously known only vegetatively, are described for the first time. Chusquea caparaoensis is here emended and illustrated, and comments about its morphology, conservation status and distribution are provided. Revised keys are provided based on vegetative and vegetative plus reproductive characters for the Brazilian species of C. subg. Swallenochloa.

Abstract—Merostachys delicatula, a new species recorded thus far only from the montane Atlantic forest of southern Bahia, is described and illustrated here. Comments on its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, and phenology are presented. Among the narrow-leaved congeners occurring in Bahia, the new species is most similar to M. leptophylla. It is distinguished by having internodes glabrous to scabrous (vs. glabrous in M. leptophylla); internodes with an infranodal band of trichomes (vs. absent); culm leaf sheaths abaxially scabrous (vs. glabrous); upper glumes 1.2‐2.1 mm wide (vs. 3.5‐4 mm); anthecia dull (vs. shiny); lemmas 1.5‐2.7 mm wide, abaxially pubescent (vs. ca. 4 mm, glabrous); and paleas 1.2‐2.3 mm wide (vs. ca. 4 mm). We also provide an assessment of the conservation status of the new species and a geographic distribution map for both species.

Chusquea parviligulata, a new species of Neotropical woody bamboo (Bambuseae: Chusqueinae), is herein described and illustrated, and information on its morphology, conservation status and distribution are provided. It is classified within C. subg. Chusquea based on its relatively elongated internodes, differentiated culm leaves, a triangular and vertically oriented central bud, and infravaginal branching. Based on its occurrence in Brazil and the presence of a white waxy band below the nodes and infravaginal branching, C. parviligulata is further assigned to the C. meyeriana informal group. Within this group, C. parviligulata is most similar to C. clemirae and C. longispiculata, sharing the usually evident division of the subsidiary buds/branches into two groups as well as a triangular central bud and little to no fusion of the overlapping margin of the culm leaf sheaths. Chusquea parviligulata is characterized by having 20–42 subsidiary buds per node; foliage leaf blades adaxially scabrous near the margins and otherwise glabrous or sparsely setose and abaxially mostly glabrous, with a tuft of trichomes at the base; foliage leaf blade base attenuate and slightly asymmetric; and an inner ligule 0.05–0.2 mm long, among the shortest recorded for the genus. Chusquea parviligulata is found exclusively in the Serra da Pedra Lascada, a montane Atlantic Rainforest area in southern Bahia, and it has a restricted occurrence within the Serra. We also report a new locality for C. clemirae and confirm that is has infravaginal branching, not extravaginal branching as originally reported.