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The Sumerian language still keeps the prestigious position of being the first ever written language. In this paper there are some presented linguistic data and examples, suggesting that the Sumerian is not a language isolate, as it is regarded so far, but that it may be classified as an r-Altaic language of the Bolgar branch. A proposed methodology for deducing such an inference is also presented, along with the outcomes of its application in the form of thirty-nine phonological rules.

Natural Language Understanding is a major aspect of the intelligence of robotic systems. A main goal of improving their artificial intelligence is to allow a robot to ask questions, whenever the given instructions are not complete, and also by using implicit information. These enhanced communicational abilities can be based on the voids of an output data structure that corresponds to a systemic-semantic model of language communication, as grammar formalism. In addition, the enhancing process also improves the learning abilities of a robot. Accordingly, the presented herein experimental project was conducted by using a simulated (by a plain PC) robot and a simple constructed language that facilitated semantic orientation.

The presented article demonstrates the value of systemic modeling in operational planning. The systemic modeling facilitates the description, depiction and computerized simulation of complex systems, with their interacting components and the relations between them. This ability is a crucial asset in strategic or operational planning and management of any kind. The article includes a brief presentation of popular systemic modeling tools, as they are applied in information systems and organizational management, along with a recently developed one: the Organizational Method for Analyzing Systems. The latter modeling tool consists of a series of notational facilities, along with the proposed methodology for using these provided facilities. It is briefly used to exemplify two typical applications, which describe the structure and activities of an organization and those of a project. These descriptions have been designed according to the relevant ones of the standard military practice, aiming at noting the significance of the robust but overlooked military practice in civilian, commercial or governmental administrative applications.