We report on what we believe to be a novel classification method for polishing processes that we apply in our laboratory on a regular basis. Two parameters are deduced from the in situ iTIRM (intensity-detecting total-internal-reflection microscopy) measurement method. Contrary to Preston's law, which gives the removal rate, the parameters of the iTIRM process are a measure of the change in surface quality (roughness, subsurface damage, and scratch and dig) and the duration of the polishing process.

3 ESTABLISHING THE ORCHARD Land selection and size of orchard Deep soils having good drainage are most important for optimum apple production, and soils containing claypans, hardpans, or underlain with gravel should he avoided. Heavy-textured surface soils are more difficult to work than loams or sandy loams, and they create more problems with crown rot.An adequate supply of good irrigating water is necessary in most appleproducing areas. In certain sections (the Sebastopol district, for example) apples can be grown without supplemental irrigation, but even in good dry-land areas supplemental irrigation will improve yield and tree vigor.

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