Consulting the Catalogue of the International Seismological Centre (ISC), for the period 1904–2016 to detect the occurrence of potentially damaging earthquakes we observed that in most cases, when a high magnitude earthquake occurs (magnitude of at least 6.5), there is an increased probability that a similar high magnitude earthquake will occur within a relatively short period of weeks (less than a year). This occurs when the two events are located on latitudes of practically the same absolute value. This Apparent Strong Earthquake Pattern (ASEP) is observed in about 90% of all earthquakes of magnitudes greater than, or equal to 6.5. ASEP is evident in a high percentage of events and remains practically unchanged even after shuffling the dates of occurrence of earthquakes several times. This statistical observation is not surprising when considering the geographic distribution of earthquake epicenters and activity rates in regions of relatively frequent high magnitude earthquakes. Nevertheless, it leads us to consider the possibility of introducing ASEP in earthquake risk management and Operational Earthquake Forecasting (OEF). The main objective of this study is to assess the potential of estimating the location, magnitude, and time of occurrence of a strong earthquake after the occurrence of a similar strong earthquake in a distant area, when subsequent events conform to the apparent event pattern of strong earthquakes. The effectiveness of ASEP is quantified in terms of the ratio between the success rates obtained by applying ASEP and the probability of a randomly occurring earthquake of magnitude M in a given seismic zone within dT weeks. The effectiveness of ASEP was initially evaluated through simulations from the data from earthquake catalogues. The simulations reveal, as expected, that when the earthquakes in catalogue A are independent of the earthquakes in catalogue B, and when the occurrence of earthquakes in each catalogue are random and obey laws of Poisson distribution, the effectiveness is always lower than 1, i.e., the chance of a successful random guess is always higher than the probability of successful forecasting that follows ASEP. The opposite is observed when applying the ASEP schema to real cases. After arbitrarily choosing ten pairs of seismogenic zones, the success rates of the apparent earthquake pattern forecasts always yield a higher forecast probability, sometimes considerably higher than would a random guess. It is also observed that when selecting pairs of active zones which fail to obey ASEP requirement about the locations of events, the success rate of forecasting is, in most tested cases, zero. i.e., similar to what is observed in the simulations. Subsequently, the proposed forecasting scheme based on ASEP may be useful for OEF applications which in turn could be considered in earthquake risk management programs. These observations also suggest that the temporal behavior of strong earthquakes is not purely random.

The east-west asymmetrical, longitudinal distribution of solar activity has a long history, and has been recorded for prolonged periods. In order to explore these observations further this paper focuses on the space and time, of magnetic fluxes in the photosphere that were harvested from images and data from the SOHO/MIDI magnetogram during 2006. Our research documented the distribution of the time and the location of the birth of sunspots, while taking into consideration evidence from other tracers, and comparing them to other solar activity observations. The fluxes’ longitudinal distribution indicates east-west asymmetry and shows remarkably similar behavior to other observational results that have been observed over prolonged periods. Distinguishing between initial and advanced stages demonstrates how most fluxes near the east limb are brought into view in their formation stage . The preponderance of “new” fluxes on the Eastern limb indicates an active longitude belt on the Eastern side thereby causing E-W asymmetry. When observed from an Earth-located perspective, the evidence of east-west asymmetry leads us to conclude that the active longitudinal belt can only exist on one side of the hemisphere and, in fact, can be observed only from an Earth-located perspective. In order to further explore these observations, our research draws on the 2006 results to calculate how the same photospheric activity pattern would be viewed from the perspective of the planets Mars and Venus; as if using virtual observers. In contrast to the Earth-located observer, our calculations indicate an apparent random spread of sunspot longitudinal distribution, with no clear evidence of an active longitudinal belt, and no evidence of an east-west asymmetry as observed from Earth. This empirical evidence leads us to suggest that the sun has a face.

The east-west asymmetrical, longitudinal distribution of solar activity has a long history, and has been recorded for prolonged periods. In order to explore these observations further this paper focuses on the space and time, of magnetic fluxes in the photosphere that were harvested from images and data from the SOHO/MIDI magnetogram during 2006. Our research documented the distribution of the time and the location of the birth of sunspots, while taking into consideration evidence from other tracers, and comparing them to other solar activity observations. The fluxes’ longitudinal distribution indicates east-west asymmetry and shows remarkably similar behavior to other observational results that have been observed over prolonged periods. Distinguishing between initial and advanced stages demonstrates how most fluxes near the east limb are brought into view in their formation stage . The preponderance of “new” fluxes on the Eastern limb indicates an active longitude belt on the Eastern side thereby causing E-W asymmetry. When observed from an Earth-located perspective, the evidence of east-west asymmetry leads us to conclude that the active longitudinal belt can only exist on one side of the hemisphere and, in fact, can be observed only from an Earth-located perspective. In order to further explore these observations, our research draws on the 2006 results to calculate how the same photospheric activity pattern would be viewed from the perspective of the planets Mars and Venus; as if using virtual observers. In contrast to the Earth-located observer, our calculations indicate an apparent random spread of sunspot longitudinal distribution, with no clear evidence of an active longitudinal belt, and no evidence of an east-west asymmetry as observed from Earth. This empirical evidence leads us to suggest that the sun has a face.

The idea that one earthquake is associated with the occurrence of another earthquake is not new. In this study, we focus our attention on the relationships between the occurrence of a relatively strong earthquake in a certain seismogenic region and the occurrence of an earthquake of similar magnitude in a distant region. The complete catalog of seismic activity between 1904–2016 documents the subsequent events and over the years reveals a global, seismic activity pattern, (GSAP). This pattern is evident when an earthquake of magnitude M is followed within a relatively short period of weeks by an earthquake of a similar magnitude, and where the two events are located on latitudes of practically the same absolute value. Roughly 90% of all earthquakes of magnitude 6.5 and above follow the GSAP within a time window of less than a year. In addition, this high GSAP rate remains constant even after shuffling the dates of the earthquakes, several times. This is also evident in the current model of the tectonic plates and the frequency-magnitude relationships associated with each seismogenic zone. Subsequently, the observed seismic activity pattern is probably a statistical product and does not appear to relate to a physical causative process. At the same time, the significance of the GSAP, leads us to consider that the GSAP can be harnessed for statistical earthquake forecasting. This idea was, grounded and evaluated using synthetic earthquake catalogues where the success rates of forecasting an earthquake in catalog B followed the occurrence of an earthquake in catalog A. Additionally, the success rate of forecasting events in catalog B, according to the GSAP definitions are demonstrated to be statistically lower than the probabilities of a random occurrence in a similar magnitude earthquake which appears in ISC catalog B. These results were compared to actual cases. Arbitrarily selected pairs of seismogenic zones that are located on the same latitudes clearly demonstrate that the success rate of forecasting the earthquake occurrences that adhere to the GSAP are always higher than mere guesswork and therefor may be considered to offer a potential operational earthquake forecasting tool.