Calves which had received avirulent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (AV-IBR) by intranasal (IN) administration developed detectable levels of interferon (IF) in nasal secretions as early as 40 hr later. Peak titers (1:640) of IF appeared in secretions 72 to 96 hr after administration of virus, and titers of 1:80 to 1:320 were maintained through the 8th day. Lower titers (1:5 to 1:10) of IF were detected in sera obtained on the 4th to 8th days after administration of virus. Peak titers of IF in respiratory tract secretions were accompanied by a 100to > 1,000fold reduction in the levels of AV-IBR present in the secretions. Serum antibody was not detected prior to the 8th day after administration of AV-IBR. Calves which received AV-IBR by the IN route 72 or 96 hr earlier were refractory to challenge with virulent infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR), whereas calves receiving AV-IBR 18 or 40 hr earlier became clinically ill following challenge. The temporal association between appearance of IF in respiratory tract secretions and onset of protection against challenge suggests a cause and effect relationship. No IF was detected in either nasal secretions or sera of calves receiving modified IBR virus by intramuscular injection. Following subsequent IN challenge of these calves, IF was detected in nasal secretions as early as 24 hr postchallenge and was maintained at titers of 1:40 to 1:80 for approximately 4 days, even in the absence of virus recovery. Greater ease of local IF induction with IBR virus in calves previously sensitized with that virus is suggested.The elaboration of interferon (IF) by cells in response to virus infection is considered a major factor of the host defense mechanism, particularly during the course of primary infections. Studies related to induction, synthesis, properties, and mechanism of action of IF have been reviewed (3,4,11,21,35,37). Studies on the in vitro induction of IF by calf kidney cells infected with several different viruses and the in vivo induction of circulating IF in the bovine by viral and nonviral inducers have been reported (9,19,(29)(30)(31)(32)34). These studies have not provided information on the role of IF in either preventing or influencing the outcome of viral infections in the bovine.Investigations were undertaken in our laboratory to evaluate factors involved in early onset of protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR) challenge following intranasal (IN) administration of an avirulent strain of IBR (AV-IBR). It was discovered that high levels of IF developed in nasal secretions after AV-IBR administration and that the time of first appearance coincided with the time resistance to challenge with virulent virus became evident. Subsequent studies were conducted to evaluate the relationships between virus and IF levels in nasal secretions and sera of calves after IN or intramuscular 699 on July 6, 2020 by guest http://iai.asm.org/ Downloaded from

IgE levels in the serum of individuals with burns were sequentially measured and compared to TgE levels in normal control blood donors. Following a burn., the levels of IgE protein showed a significant, although modest, increase, usually evident between days 14 and 22. In an occasional patient, the IgE levels rose by as much as five times in value during this period. Because of the complexity of the clinical situation associated with the burn patients, we cannot ascribe these elevations of IgE to the burn per se, but must consider the possibility of other factors, especially those involved in the treatment of the burn as well as the infection. The magnitude of the elevation of IgE in the burn patients (geometric mean ^272 ng/ml) was considerably lower than the magnitude of the elevations seen in atopic dermatitis and generalized ncurodermatitis (geometric means =2265 and 2071 ng/m), respectively). Thus simple trauma to the skin is not a sufficient explanation for the elevated serum IgE levels in atopic dermatitis and generalized neurodermatitis.

Adjuvant immunotherapy was administered to 84 lymph-node-negative and 25 lymph-node-positive melanoma patients. This active specific homologous cell protein preparation was given after aggressive surgery and given over 2 years. Projected and observed survival rates are presented as well as other clinical and pathologic characteristics such as female-to-male ratio, site of primary, level and depth of invasion. The projected 5-year survival rates are 90% for all stage I with 89% for females and 94% for males. Lower extremity stage I projected 5-year survival rate was 88% for all, 87% for females, and 100% for males. The projected 5-year survival rate for stage II was 68% overall and 100% for lower extremity. Only two of five patients with an unknown primary have expired. All of these results are improved over expected survival. Hopefully a randomized prospective study will be stimulated to ascertain the basis for this improvement.