Until now, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the development of lung defects remain a poorly studied area of pulmonology. In the occurrence of anomalies in the airways of the lungs, a change in the expression of proteins that control early lung morphogenesis in normal conditions (proteins FGF, TGF, SHH, WNT) was established. Along with this, bronchial markers and markers of type 2 alveolocytes play a certain role in the occurrence of lung defects. A number of congenital malformations are caused by improper formation of the airways, which may be associated with the influence of various soluble factors, receptors, transcription factors and microRNAs. The possible role of the pulmonary neuroendocrine system (apudocytes and neuroepithelial bodies) in the pathogenesis and pathobiology of childhood lung diseases, including congenital lung diseases, is discussed.

One of the primary indicators of plaque vulnerability is the lipid composition of atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, the medical industry requires a method to evaluate necrotic nuclei in atherosclerosis imaging with sensitivity. In this regard, photoacoustic imaging is a plaque detection method that provides chemical information on lipids and cholesterol thickness in the arterial walls of the patient. This aspect aims to increase the low-frequency axial resolution by developing a new photoacoustic-based system. A photoacoustic system has been developed to detect the cholesterol thickness of the blood vessels to observe the progression of plaque in the heart’s blood vessels. The application of the coherent photoacoustic discontinuous correlation tomography technique, which is based on a novel signal processing, significantly increased the cholesterol oleate’s sensitivity to plaque necrosis. By enhancing the quality of thickness detection, the system for measuring the thickness of cholesterol in blood vessels has been reduced to approximately 23 microns. The results show that the phase spectrum peaked at 100 Hz at 58.66 degrees, and at 400 Hz, the phase spectrum was 46.37 degrees. The minimum amplitude is 1.95 at 100 Hz and 17.67 at 400 Hz. In conclusion, it can be stated that photoacoustic imaging as a method based on new technologies is of great importance in medical research, which is based on the use of nonionizing radiation to perform diagnostic processes and measure different types of body tissues.