Partial brachial plexus paresis was diagnosed in three calves with unilateral functional lameness in a forelimb based on clinical and neurologic examinations. Clinical signs of radial nerve paresis were the main presenting problems. Electromyography was used to identify the affected nerves with the calves under general anaesthesia. Abnormal spontaneous activity of denervated muscles showed that the radial, musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves were compromised. The calves were treated medically, using splint bandages, and with physiotherapy. All calves regained function of the affected legs and normal weight bearing.

This study evaluates the antimicrobial resistance of pathogens cultured from 3'954 quarter milk samples from dairy cows in Switzerland. A total of 1'228 Streptococcus (Strep.) uberis, 1'107 Staphylococcus (Staph.) spp. other than Staph. aureus, 598 coliform, 490 Staph. aureus, 270 Enterococcus spp. and 213 Strep. dysgalactiae isolates were tested for susceptibility to 9 antimicrobial drugs using agar diffusion. Streptococcus uberis, Strep. dysgalactiae and Staph. aureus had the highest antimicrobial sensitivities to amoxicillin clavulanic acid (99.6 %, 100 % and 98.8 %, respectively). Of all isolated pathogens, only 2.6 % were resistant to amoxicillin clavulanic acid and 8.0 % to cefoperazone. The overall resistance level to gentamicin was 45.5 %, to penicillin 39.2 %, and to ampicillin 26.7 %. The highest resistance levels occurred with polymyxin (86.0 %), oxacillin (64.7 %) and lincomycin (53.7 %). Our results showed that at least one resistance exists to one antimicrobial agent examined in this study. Ideally the selection of the antibacterial drug for the treatment of intramammary infection should be based on antibiotic susceptibility testing.

These results corroborate the length asymmetry of the bovine digits but further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of the asymmetry of the digits on the development of sole ulcers.

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While there are many data collection and analysis tools for Ethereum -the largest smart contract blockchain by market capitalization, development of similar tools for other smart contract blockchains is lacking. Reasons for this are non-existent standards, changing specifications due to rapid development, common usage of the off-chain storage, and lack of developers. One of such blockchains is Polkadot -a layerzero blockchain featuring a single relay chain whose role is to secure smart contract transactions on multiple other parachains. In this paper we describe a data collection pipeline for Polkadot blockchain that we then use to perform an analysis of the bow-tie structure of its transfer network over time, with special emphasis on the role of nominators and validators in this structure. We find evidence that the Polkadot ecosystem is slowly maturing from a system dominated by nominators and validators, both of which require some technical skill as well as willingness to bond sufficient amount of funds, into a system increasingly populated by regular users using the financial services of Polkadot.