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This main goal of this study is to investigate the link between both aerodynamics and physiological responses of an international level middle-distance runner, when running either alone or in drafting position behind two pace makers. A simulation model based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods are used to analyze aerodynamic effects while physiological parameters are experimentally recorded using a lightweight ambulatory respiratory gas exchange system (Cosmed K5 © ). Experiments were performed at submaximal effort during a 1000 m on-track running test, and simulations were carried out under similar conditions in terms of speed and runners spacing. The results indicate that compared to the baseline (running alone), the drafting position shows a significant aerodynamic reduction in drag area (-33%), which should be responsible for the measured decrease in the following physiological parameters: oxygen consumption (-6%), heart rate (-1%) and energy cost (-33%). The findings of this study suggest running behind two pace makers meaningfully influences the runner's physiology by minimizing air resistance.

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Nowadays, simplified inverse or one step approaches for the sheet forming modeling are increasingly used in the automobile industry, since they allow to quickly realize the preliminary design and especially to optimize the process parameters. These methods often based on implicit static algorithms cause sometimes convergence problems because of strong non‐linearities. This paper deals with several initial guess methods to speed up the convergence of the implicit static solver used in the inverse approach for stamping modeling. The blank's mesh as initial solution is obtained by geometrical considerations based on the known shape of the final 3D workpiece. Three algorithms for the estimation of the blank's mesh have been developed and compared. The application to several industrial problems shows their efficiency and performance.

Context Although pudendal neuralgia (PN) has received growing interest over the last few years, diagnosis remains difficult, and many different therapeutic approaches can be considered. Objectives This article aims to provide an overview of the possible treatments of PN and investigate their efficacies. Methods Utilizing PubMed and ScienceDirect databases, a systematic review was carried out and allowed identification of studies involving patients with PN, as defined by Nantes criteria, and their associated treatments. Relevant data were manually reported. Results Twenty-eight articles were selected, totaling 1,013 patients (mean age, 49 years) and six different types of interventions. Clinical outcomes, most frequently quantified utilizing the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), vary greatly with both the therapy and time after intervention (from 100 to <10%). However, neither peri nor postoperative serious complications (grade > II of Clavien–Dindo classification) are reported. Although surgery seems to provide a higher proportion of long-term benefits, identifying the most efficient therapeutic approach is made impossible by the multitude of outcome measurements and follow-up frequencies. It should also be noted that literature is sparse regarding randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up. Conclusions Although there are a number of modalities utilized for the treatment of PN, there are no current recommendations based on treatment efficacies. This seems to be largely in part caused by the lack of standardization in outcome quantification. Future research in this field should focus on prospective cohort studies with high levels of evidence, aimed at assessing the long-term, if not permanent, benefits of available therapies.