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Against the background of different psychological conceptualizations of hope, this article elaborates and validates a measure to assess hope as perceived by the general public adapting it from the hope and optimism subscale of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spirituality, Religion and Personal Beliefs Questionnaire. The results presented here are part of a yearly Internet-based cross-sectional survey in Germany and Switzerland called Hope-Barometer, from which 4 samples of 3 different years with about 17,500 participants have been used. Following the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses as well as convergent validity, discriminant value, and predictive utility, our findings suggest that the six items of the resulting Perceived Hope Scale exhibits robust psychometric properties, and that perceived hope is distinct and broader than dispositional hope, in which it relates not only to cognitive but also to spiritual, religious, and altruistic dimensions.

People's relationship to their own living environment is a key issue for a deeper understanding of pro-environmental behaviors. How people perceive and experience a place may be a principal explanatory factor. Place attachment provides physical and psychological benefits to people and may have potential benefits for both human well-being and pro-environmental behaviors. If, the relationship between place attachment and place protective behaviors is confirmed, the relationship with general pro-environmental behaviors is unclear. Therefore, this paper aimed to fill the gap and to test the relationship between place attachment, well-being, and general proenvironmental behaviors with 212 inhabitants of Reunion Island. First, factor analyses were performed to observe the structure of William and Vaske scale (2003). Second, path analysis was performed to examine the relationship between place attachment well-being and general proenvironmental behaviors. Results revealed different links between general pro-environmental behaviors and each dimension of place attachment. Moreover, they highlighted the mediating role of well-being. The results suggest that place attachment is an important construct on which managers could focus on to improve well-being and quality of life and promote general proenvironmental behaviors among population.

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