This paper proposes decoding methods for the convolutional code for the wireless Local Area Network (LAN) standard by using sum-product algorithm (SPA). The code is non-systematic. For this code, the conventional SPA decoding cannot provide good decoding performance. This paper shows the reason. The reason is that the conventional SPA uses a Tanner graph including information bits, however, no received signals for information bits are available for the code. This paper proposes two-step SPA decoding method (Proposed Method 1: PM1). The PM1 is as follows.(1) Only parity bits are decoded by SPA. (2) With decoded parity bits, information bits are decoded by SPA. The PM1 can provide much better decoding performance in comparison to the conventional SPA. Furthermore, this paper proposes the combined use of PM1 and method of [4] (Proposed Method 2: PM2). The PM2 provides good performance near BCJR performance. At BER=10 −5 , PM2 performance is only 0.7[dB] inferior to BCJR performance.

One of the methods used in detecting the intrusion detection system is by implementing Naïve Bayes algorithm. However, Naïve Bayes has a problem when one of the probabilities is 0, it will cause inaccurate prediction, or even no prediction was found. This paper proposed two modifications for Naïve Bayes algorithm. The first modification eliminated the variable that has 0 probability and the second modification changed the multiplication operations to addition operations. This modification is only applied when the Naïve Bayes algorithm does not find any prediction results caused by zero probabilities. The results of this research show that the value of precision, recall, and accuracy in the modification made tends to increase and better than the original Naïve Bayes algorithm. The highest precision, recall, and accuracy are obtained from modification by changing the multiplication operation to the addition. Increasing precision can reach 4%, increasing recall reaches 2% and increasing accuracy reaches 2%.

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This study aims to determine (1) the form of individual interests in novel Sebelas Patriot by Andrea Hirata based on the Perspective of Comte's Rationality; (2) the cause of individual interests in novel Sebelas Patriot by Andrea Hirata based on the Perspective of Comte's Rationality; and (3) the impact of individual interests toward individual and family in novel Sebelas Patriot by Andrea Hirata based on the Perspective of Comte's Rationality. This study is descriptive qualitative study. The techniques of data collection used are reading and notetaking. Data collected is analysed through three steps, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show: (1) the form of individual interests with three forms, namely efforts to get the attention of others, strong desire (ambition), and curiosity; (2) the cause of individual interests with three forms which include the existence of a big secret, the existence of a role model (figure), and the nature and behaviour; (3) the impact of the emergence of individual interests towards individuals, namely the formation of an unyielding attitude which is found one data finding and hard work attitude with one data found; and towards family, namely mutual respect and love for parents.