The tumour microenvironment is known to play an integral role in facilitating cancer progression at advanced stages, but its function in some pre-cancerous lesions remains elusive. We have used the V600EBRAF-driven mouse lung model that develop premalignant lesions to understand stroma–tumour interactions during pre-cancerous development. In this model, we have found that immature macrophage-lineage cells (IMCs) producing PDGFA, TGFβ and CC chemokines are recruited to the stroma of premalignant lung adenomas through CC chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1)-dependent mechanisms. Stromal IMCs promote proliferation and transcriptional alterations suggestive of epithelial–mesenchymal transition in isolated premalignant lung tumour cells ex vivo, and are required for the maintenance of early-stage lung tumours in vivo. Furthermore, we have found that IMC recruitment to the microenvironment is restrained by the cholesterol-binding protein, Niemann-Pick type C2 (NPC2). Studies on isolated cells ex vivo confirm that NPC2 is secreted from tumour cells and is taken up by IMCs wherein it suppresses secretion of the CCR1 ligand CC chemokine 6 (CCL6), at least in part by facilitating its lysosomal degradation. Together, these findings show that NPC2 secreted by premalignant lung tumours suppresses IMC recruitment to the microenvironment in a paracrine manner, thus identifying a novel target for the development of chemopreventive strategies in lung cancer.

Introduction: FNAC is a simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique for early diagnosis of palpable lesions in Head and neck. It is usually performed in outpatient department with nearly no complications. Objectives: To evaluate the role of FNAC and its utility in the diagnosis of palpable head and neck masses. To study the spectrum of head and neck lesions and its correlation with age, sex, and frequency of occurrence and its categorization into various groups. Methods: A study was conducted over a period of one year and two months by pathology department, SMS hospitals and Dr. M.K.Shah Medical College, Ahmedabad. Total 130 cases of Head and neck lesions were included during the study period. All patients coming from OPD'S of different departmentspresented with head and neck swelling were included in the study. Result: Out of 130 cases, 59 (45%) were male, 71 (55%) were female. Head and neck swelling was most common in the age group of 21-30 years (25.3%). Highest number of FNAC was done from lymph node followed by Thyroid gland and Salivary gland respectively. Lymph node swelling were the most common 81(62%), followed by thyroid 28 (22%), skin/subcutaneous 12 (9%), salivary gland 09 (07%). Conclusion: The accuracy of cytology diagnosis is very high if the requisition forms are accompanied with all relevant clinical history along with proper laboratory information. FNAC could differentiate the infective process from neoplastic one and avoids unnecessary surgeries. Thus, FNAC can be recommended as a first line of investigation in the diagnosis of head and neck swellings.

INTRODUCTION: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) affects 15 million American women. The causes of SUI include pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, menopause and chronic coughing. The current treatment options include Kegels, bio-feedback stimulation, bulking agents, pessary and surgical correction. Recently laser treatments have been reported as a treatment option. METHODS: Women suffering from SUI as evaluated by questionnaire, pelvic exam and urodynamic studies showing maximal urethral closure pressure (UCP) of less than 40 cm H2O, were enrolled in the study. Subjects received three fractional CO2 laser treatments four weeks apart. CO2 laser energy in deep mode at 50 mJ at 5% fractional density was delivered in the vaginal canal. The second pass of the laser was done at 1 and 11 o’clock. Subjects were then reevaluated at one month and three months post treatment, using a questionnaire for incontinence and a urodynamic evaluation to determine max UCP. RESULTS: Twenty women between the ages of 31 and 69 enrolled in the study, tolerated the treatments well. The subjects reported minimal to no treatment discomfort and no adverse events. At one month post treatment of the series, reported in 100% correction of SUI based on the questionnaire. The subset of subjects who completed three months post treatment underwent urodynamic reevaluation showed an increase in maximal UCP from 19 to 33 cm H2O pretreatment to 45-73 cm H2O. CONCLUSION: This study shows fractional CO2 laser is a safe and effective treatment and may be an option for the improvement of SUI which would have an impact on the quality of life.

2-Amino-4(4′-nitro phenyl)-1,3-thiazole was used to couple with diazotized 2-amino-5(4′-nitro phenyl)- 1,3,4-thiadiazole to gave mono azo disperse dye with good yield. This mono azo disperse dye was further diazotized and coupled with different tertiary amines which were couplers that yielded bis azo disperse dyes (AJ1-AJ15). The synthesized dyes were analyzed via elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR spectral analysis. All the synthesized dyes were applied on polyester fiber by using HTHP method and their dyeing performance and their fastness characteristics were studied.

Background: Breast carcinoma is the leading cause of death with cancer in women. Management of breast lumps can be challenging in resource poor settings. Fine needle aspiration cytology of breast is an important mode of diagnosis and forms a part of triple assessment, which includes FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology), mammography and clinical examination. Objective: To examine the cytological details in aspirated smears from lumps in the breast, to evaluate the role of FNAC in improving the quality of diagnosis by comparing with histopathological features and to separate malignant lesions that require more radical therapy from benign ones that may be conservatively managed. Methods: A prospective study is carried out on 100 patients with breast lump over a period of one year including 4 bilateral, 49 left sided and 47 right sided lesions at territory hospital, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Histopathology examination were obtained in 27 cases. All the aspirates and histopathology slides were stained with H & E stain. Results: Out of 100 cases of FNAC breast 80 cases were diagnosed as benign and 20 cases were diagnosed as malignant. Histopathological correlation was done on 27 cases and all were confirmed by FNAC. Conclusion: FNAC is a safe, simple, and costeffective outpatient procedure associated with negligible complication. And along with histopathological correlation it increases the diagnostic accuracy. That helps the clinicians for early diagnosis and specific management thus reducing morbidity and mortality.