The multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem that causes high mortality every year. Therefore, novel antibacterial agents are needed from natural biological sources. This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of various crude extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against MDR bacteria. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the use agar well diffusion assay and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method. Bacteria from wells were subcultured using inoculating loop onto a 5% sheep BAP. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as the most widely inhibitory zone and the smallest MBC values. The ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against the all MDR bacterial test in the agar well diffusion assay (10-14.5 mm inhibition diameter). The MBC of water extract against ESβL + CR Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the best antibacterial activity (12.5 mg/mL). The fruit of bilimbi was shown to be potentially developed as antibacterial agents, especially for MDR strains. Further in vivo research and discovery of action mode are needed to shed light on their antibacterial effects. This study can provide new information about the benefits of bilimbi as a source of natural antibacterial againts MDR-bacteria

Abstract. Prastiyanto ME, Rohmah N, Efendi L, Arifin R, Wardoyo FA, Wilson W, Mukaromah AH, Dewi SS, Darmawati S. 2021. Antifungal activities of the rhizome extract of five member Zingiberaceae against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Biodiversitas 22: 1509-1513. Fungal infections have now become serious health issues. One of the strategies to avoid the problems of fungal infections is by using natural product from plants that are effective against many human pathogenic fungi. The study portrayed the use of the extracts of plant rhizomes as the alternatives to fight against number of human pathogenic fungi. This research aimed to investigate the antifungal activities of crude ethanol extract of five member of the family Zingiberaceae (Curcuma longa, Alpinia galanga Zingiber officinale. var. rubrum, Zingiber officinale var. officinarum and Zingiber officinale var. amarum), which are widely used as folk medicines against Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum. Crude ethanol extracts of five members of Zingiberaceae were evaluated for their antifungal activities and the results were calculated based on the zones of inhibition using the diffusion method. The extract showed antifungal activity against Candida. albicans in the agar well diffusion assay (10.2-27.1 mm inhibition diameter) and against T. rubrum (27.3-44.3 mm inhibition diameter). The data have revealed that all rhizomes have the potential to be developed as antifungal agents, particularly against C. albicans and T. rubrum. Studies on the antifungal activity against yeast-like (C. albicans) and filamentous (T. rubrum) can provide new information about the benefits of members Zingiberaceae as a source of natural antifungal. Researchers can select the type of rhizome that has more potential for further extraction to obtain pure compounds that can be used as antifungals.

Abstract. Prastiyanto ME, Dewi NMBA, Pratiningtias TD, Pratiwi NMR, Windayani A, Wahyunengsih E, Astuti, Amir E, Wardoyo FA. 2021. In vitro antibacterial activities of crude extracts of nine plants on multidrug resistance bacterial isolates of wound infections. Biodiversitas 22: 2641-2647. Wound infections caused by bacteria is a become serious health problems, multidrug resistance bacteria (MDR) have increased this problem more severely, and therefore, antibacterial agents from natural biological sources are necessary to overcome these problems. This study examined the antibacterial activities of nine plants, i.e. garlic (Allium sativum), Solo garlic (Allium sativum), Java plum leaf (Syzygium cumini), Java plum fruit (Syzygium cumini), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix), Siamese weed (Chromolaena odorata), mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia), against MDR bacteria isolated from wounds. The antibacterial activities were evaluated using agar well diffusion assay to determine the inhibition zones, and microdilution method to determine the value of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The best antibacterial activities were calculated as the most extensive inhibition zones with the smallest MIC and MBC values. Ethanol extracts from five plants (garlic, Solo garlic, Java plum (leaf), Kaffir lime and bitter melon) showed antibacterial activities against three MDR bacteria isolated from wounds. The bitter melon extract had the largest zones, 19.3 mm (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]), 10.6 mm (ESBL-producing Escherichia coli), and 13 mm (carbapenemase-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa [CRPA]) with the smallest MIC and MBC values against MRSA (3.12 and 25 mg/mL), ESBL- producing E. coli (12.25 and 50 mg/mL), and CRPA (6.25 and 25 mg/mL). This concludes that bitter melon has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial agent, particularly against MRSA strains, ESBL-producing E. coli, and CRPA that cause wound infections. Further in vivo research and the discovery of modes of action are needed to explain the antibacterial effects.

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Latar belakang: Limbah minyak jelantah dapat terjadi dari aktivitas rumah tangga maupun industri. Minyak jelantah adalah minyak goreng yang digunakan secara berulang sehingga bilangan peroksdanya tinggi dan menimbulkan bau tengik. Limbah minyak jelantah ini biasanya dibuang sembarangan di lingkungan, sehingga menimbulkan pencemaran air maupun tanah. Tujuan: meningkatkan pengetahuan guru kimia dalam menyampaikan materi berbasis lingkungan seperti pelatihan ketrampilan pemanfaatan limbah minyak jelantah untuk diolah menjadi sabun, dan peningkatan pengetahuan tentang manfaat sabun untuk kesehatan (sebagai antibakteri dengan penambahan antioksidan kulit kayu secang atau serbuk daun jambu). Permasalahan yang dihadapi para mitra adalah kurangnya pengetahuan guru dalam mengajarkan praktikum yang berbasis lingkungan. Metode: Mitra program ini adalah para guru SMA bidang studi kimia di Jawa Tengah yang merupakan alumni D3 Pendidikan Kimia IKIP Semarang Angkatan Tahun 1983 yang sedang reuni berjumlah 11 orang, tempat kegiatan di Hotel Mahima Semarang. Metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah dan pelatihan pembuatan sabun dari minyak jelantah. Hasil: Nilai rerata pre-test tentang materi kimia 4,72 dan post-test 8,18; sedangkan tentang manfaat sabun bagi kesehatan pre-test 7,00 dan post-test 9,09 sehingga terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan tentang materi kimia 91,60% dan tentang kesehatan 29,85%. Kesimpulan: Pelatihan pembuatan sabun dari limbah minyak jelantah dapat meningkatkan kompetensi guru kimia dalam  mengajar materi yang berbasis lingkungan. Kegiatan ini disarankan untuk dilakukan secara berkelanjutan. Kata Kunci: minyak jelantah, peningkatan kompetensi, sabun, zat antibakteri __________________________________________________________________________________________ Background: Waste cooking oil can occur from household and industrial activities. Used cooking oil is cooking oil that is used repeatedly so that the peroxide value is high and causes a rancid odor. Waste cooking oil is usually disposed of carelessly in the environment, causing water and soil pollution. Objectives: to increase knowledge of chemistry teachers in delivering environmental-based materials such as skills training in the use of used cooking oil waste to be processed into soap, and increase knowledge about the benefits of soap for health as an antibacterial with the addition of antioxidants from secang bark or guava leaf powder. The problem faced by partners is the lack of knowledge of teachers in teaching environment-based practicum. Methods: Partners of the program are high school teachers in the field of chemistry in Central Java alumni of the D3 chemistry education IKIP Semarang Batch of 1983 who are having a reunion of 11 people, where the activity is at the Mahima Hotel Semarang. The method used lectures and training to make soap from used cooking oil. Results: The average value of the pre-test on chemistry is 4.72 and the post-test 8.18; while about the benefits of soap for health pre-test was 7.00 and post-test 9.09 so there is an increase in knowledge about chemistry material 91.60% and about health 29.85%. Conclusion: Training in making soap from used cooking oil waste from the environment can improve the competence of chemistry teachers in teaching environmentally-based materials. Keywords: waste cooking oil, competency improvement, soap, antibacterial agent