This paper presents a new blind digital speech watermarking technique based on Eigenvalue quantization in Discrete Wavelet Transform. Initially, each frame of the digital speech was transformed into the wavelet domain by applying Discrete Wavelet Transform. Then, the Eigenvalue of Approximation Coefficients was computed by using Singular Value Decomposition. Finally, the watermark bits were embedded by quantization of the Eigen-value. The experimental results show that this watermarking technique is robust against different attacks such as filtering, additive noise, resampling, and cropping. Applying new robust transforms, adaptive quantization steps and synchronization techniques can be the future trends in this field. ª 2014 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The stability of clusters is a serious issue in mobile ad hoc networks. Low stability of clusters may lead to rapid failure of clusters, high energy consumption for reclustering, and decrease in the overall network stability in mobile ad hoc network. In order to improve the stability of clusters, weight-based clustering algorithms are utilized. However, these algorithms only use limited features of the nodes. Thus, they decrease the weight accuracy in determining node's competency and lead to incorrect selection of cluster heads. A new weight-based algorithm presented in this paper not only determines node's weight using its own features, but also considers the direct effect of feature of adjacent nodes. It determines the weight of virtual links between nodes and the effect of the weights on determining node's final weight. By using this strategy, the highest weight is assigned to the best choices for being the cluster heads and the accuracy of nodes selection increases. The performance of new algorithm is analyzed by using computer simulation. The results show that produced clusters have longer lifetime and higher stability. Mathematical simulation shows that this algorithm has high availability in case of failure.

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Abstract-Fault-tolerant systems are such systems that can continue their operation, even in presence of faults. Redundancy as one of the main techniques in implementation of fault-tolerant control systems uses voting algorithms to choose the most appropriate value among multiple redundant and probably faulty results. Average (mean) voter is one of the commonest voting methods which is suitable for decision making in highlyavailable and long-missions applications in which the availability and speed of the system is critical. In this paper we introduce a new generation of average voter based on parallel algorithms which is called as parallel average voter. The analysis shows that this algorithm has a better time complexity (log n) in comparison with its sequential algorithm and is especially appropriate for applications where the size of input space is large.

In a total grouping of dynamic interconnection networks, safe and quick routing is so important. The Benes network is one of the dynamic interconnection networks that are good for telephone networks, multi-processor systems, parallel computers, ATM switches and Navigation and radio communication between robots. In this paper, two models of Benes routing algorithm is introduced then compare them with looping; Hassan-José and fast algorithms in the speed of running time and implementation then introduce the optimum algorithm.