Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein-coding RNA transcripts that exert a key role in many cellular processes and have potential toward addressing disease etiology. Here, we review existing noncoding RNA classes and then describe a variety of mechanisms and functions by which lncRNAs regulate gene expression such as chromatin remodeling, genomic imprinting, gene transcription and post-transcriptional processing. We also examine several lncRNAs that contribute significantly to pathogenesis, oncogenesis, tumor suppression and cell cycle arrest of diverse cancer types and also give a summary of the pathways that lncRNAs might be involved in.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Abstractobjective To determine the geographical distribution of Leishmania species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and to study the genetic heterogeneity of Leishmania major isolates from different endemic areas of Iran.methods A total of 341 isolates from lesions of patients living in 11 provinces of Iran were grown in culture medium and inoculated to BALB ⁄ c mice to detect possible visceralisation. The species were identified by isoenzyme analysis using a battery of six enzymes and kinetoplast (k) DNA-PCR technique. Genetic variation among L. major isolates was analysed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique.results Of the total 341 isolates, 283 isolates were L. major and 58 isolates were Leishmania tropica.In rural areas, the causative agent of CL was mainly L. major (95% L. major vs. 5% L. tropica), in urban areas it was L. tropica (65% L. tropica vs. 35% L. major). All isolates of L. major and 8.6% of L. tropica isolates showed visceralisation in BALB ⁄ c mice. There is considerable genetic diversity between L. major strains from different endemic areas and even between some isolates of the same endemic area.conclusion Leishmania major is the most frequent species in the endemic areas of CL in eleven provinces of Iran, and genetic diversity is a common feature of L. major in the country.