Clinical features and severity of the leishmaniasis is extremely intricate and depend on several factors, especially sand fly-derived products. Bacteria in the sand fly’s gut are a perpetual companion of Leishmania parasites. However, consequences of the concomitance of these bacteria and Leishmania parasite outside the midgut environment have not been investigated in the infection process. Herein, a needle infection model was designed to mimic transmission by sand flies, to examine differences in the onset and progression of L. major infection initiated by inoculation with “low” or “high” doses of Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The results showed an alteration in the local expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mice receiving different inoculations of bacteria. Simultaneous injection of two bacteria with Leishmania parasites in the low-dose group caused greater thickness of ear pinna and enhanced tissue chronic inflammatory cells, as well as resulted in multifold increase in the expression of IL-4 and IL-1β and a decrease in the iNOS expression, without changing the L. major burden. Despite advances in scientific breakthroughs, scant survey has investigated the interaction between micro and macro levels of organization of leishmaniasis that ranges from the cellular to macro ecosystem levels, giving rise to the spread and persistence of the disease in a region. Our findings provide new insight into using the potential of the vector-derived microbiota in modulating the vertebrate immune system for the benefit of the host or recommend the use of appropriate antibiotics along with antileishmanial medicines.

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Objectives: Given the relatively high prevalence and emphasis on the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp., especially in immunocompromised patients and other at risked populations like military personnel, this study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in the city of Karaj during 2014-2015. Methods: In this descriptive study, 2500 stool samples were screened for Blastocystis sp. using microscopically examinations and iodine-stained, wet-mount preparations and formalin-ether as a sedimentation method. Demographic information such as age, gender, and symptoms of patients, were recorded in the questionnaire. Three stool samples were collected from each patient in disposable plastic containers. Data were analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA, and t-test SPSS V. 24 software. Results: From the total of 2500 cases, 345 (13.8%) cases were positive for Blastocystis sp., 56.5% of patients were male, and 43.5% were female. A total of 33.3% of patients had a clinical symptom and 66.7% of patient had no clinical symptoms. Anorexia was the most common symptom in patients with Blastocystis sp. Conclusions: The use of appropriate diagnostic laboratory procedures in hospitals and medical centers can provide an effective and accurate diagnosis that will play an important role in the promotion of community health; considering some unspecific signs could help the health professionals to have correct diagnose.

Background: less studies have been done on bone cancers which are complex despite lower incidance. Hydatidosis is a parasitic disease that may influence host immunity by mimicking cancer cells antigens. So, this study aimed to elavuate the similarity of the immunogenic antigens between hydatid cyst and different bone cancers.Method: Cyst wall of hydatid cysts were collected and their antigens were separated with SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Serum samples obtained from patients with bone cancers and the anitigenicity of isolated anitgens were evaluated inwith E. granulosus( Larval form )infection and healthy individuals using western-blot approaches. Results: The crude extract of the laminated layer showed two specific antigens, 53 KDa and 70 KDa, after stainging the membrane with Coomassie blue. Both antigens reacted with the serum of different bone cancers but only the 53 KDa band reacted with all sera.Conclusion: It seems people with bone tumours may have extra antibodies in their serum comparing to healthy and hydatidosis which may be an autoantibodies; and the presence of this antibody against 70 KDa band protein in sera of patients with various types of bone cancers, may be helpful in diagnostic test or designing of preventive approaches in future.