No abstract

Multiple valued logic (MVL) can represent an exponentially higher number of data/information compared to the binary logic for the same number of logic bits. Compared to the conventional and other emerging device technologies, Graphene Nano Ribbon Field Effect Transistor (GNRFET) appears to be very promising for designing MVL logic gates and arithmetic circuits due to some exceptional electrical properties of the GNRFET, e.g., the ability to control the threshold voltage by changing the width of the GNR. Variation of the threshold voltage is one of the prescribed techniques to achieve multiple voltage levels to implement the MVL circuit. This paper introduces a design approach for ternary logic gates and circuits using MOS-type GNRFET. The designs of basic ternary logic gates like inverters, NAND, NOR, and ternary arithmetic circuits like the ternary decoder, 3:1 multiplexer, and ternary half-adder are demonstrated using GNRFET. A comparative analysis of the GNRFET based ternary logic gates and circuits and those based on the conventional CMOS and CNTFET technologies is performed using delay, total power, and power-delay-product (PDP) as the metrics. The simulation and analysis are performed using the H-SPICE tool with a GNRFET model available on the Nanohub website.

The study aimed to determine how frequently the adverse events of the COVISHIELD vaccine occur among the Bangladeshi population. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Sheikh Russel Gastroliver Institute and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in May 2021. The inclusion criteria were the adult populations who received the 2nd dose of the COVISHELD vaccine and had passed 28 days following the completion of the 2nd dose. Three hundred and five persons fulfilling the inclusion criteria were asked over the telephone—based on a predesigned questionnaire. The rates of adverse events were 54.1% and 41.3% after the 1st and 2nd dose of vaccine, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Pain at the injection site was the most common adverse event (32.5% following the 1st dose and 27.9% following the 2nd dose). All of the symptoms were mild and lasted for about 2 days. Age and comorbidities were significantly associated with the adverse events (p < 0.001). Neither doses had any vaccine-related life-threatening adverse event nor had any symptoms related to vaccine-related blood clotting. Nineteen persons (6.2%) had been diagnosed with COVID-19 after the 1st dose of vaccination, and three (1%) persons had been diagnosed with COVID-19 after the 2nd dose of vaccination. As no significant life-threatening adverse event was observed, this study might help reduce the hesitancy for vaccination among the population and thus help reduce transmission of this highly contagious virus.

In countries with high smoking prevalence, children remain at risk of many conditions due to second-hand smoke exposure. There is little empirical evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions that can reduce their exposure to second-hand smoke at homes. CLASS II trial found that a school-based intervention (SFI) has the potential to reduce children's exposure to SHS - an approach that has been rarely used, but has considerable merit in school-based contexts. CLASS II trial provides key information to conduct a future definitive trial in this area of public health, which despite its importance has so far received little attention.

The Population Council confronts critical health and development issues-from stopping the spread of HIV to improving reproductive health and ensuring that young people lead full and productive lives. Through biomedical, social science, and public health research in 50 countries, we work with our partners to deliver solutions that lead to more effective policies, programs, and technologies that improve lives around the world. Established in 1952 and headquartered in New York, the Council is a nongovernmental, nonprofit organization governed by an international board of trustees.