Prophylactic and ongoing use of topical betamethasone 0.1% during chest wall RT for breast cancer delays occurrence of ARD but does not prevent it. Petrolatum has no effect on the prevention of ARD in these patients.

The results showed that KDNA PCR methods have a higher sensitivity compared with microscopic method. Moreover, PCR could identify the parasite species for specific therapy. Microscopic method had low sensitivity and less value in chronic and atypical CL cases.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are a group of antiulcer agents. PPI have selective anti-cancer effects via apoptosis of tumour, sensitization of cancer cell to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Also PPI have anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial activity. Rising of endosomal P H inhibits the presentation of antigens that enter cell through endocytosis. PPI can affect transmigration of leucocytes from vessels to inflammatory sites and also can mitigate neutrophile adherence to endothelial cell. PPI increase the intralysosomal P H and decrease the expression of intracellular adhesion molecules. Therefore PPI can exert immunomodulation in immunological diseases through hampering antigen processing, antigen presentation, and leucocytes transmigration. Keywords: Immunomodulator, leishmania, proton pump inhibitorsThe vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase) is expressed in eukaryotes from yeast to man. It is present not only in the membrane of organelles, but also in the plasma membrane. The V-ATPase pumps protons from the cytoplasm to the lumen of vacuoles or into the extracellular space using the energy produced by ATP hydrolysis (1).Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are a group of antiulcer agents which suppress gastric acid secretion by inhibition of the H + ⁄ K + ATPase present on the plasma membrane of the gastric parietal cells. PPI decrease daily production of acid by 80% to 95%.Five PPI are currently available for clinical use: omeprazole and its S-isomer, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole and pantoprazole. These have different substitution on their pyridine and ⁄ or benzimidazole groups but are similar in their pharmacological properties. All PPI have equivalent efficacy at comparable doses. PPI are prodrugs that require activation in acid environment. The activated form then binds covalently with sulfhydryl groups of cysteines in the H + ⁄ K + ATPase, irreversibly inactivating the pump molecules (2, 3). Because they block the final step in acid production, PPI are effective in acid suppression regardless of other stimulating factors.To survive in an ischemic microenvironment with a lower extracellular pH, ability to up-regulate proton extrusion is critical for cancer cell survival. Pantoprazole selectively induced in vivo and in vitro apoptotic cell death in gastric cancer, suggesting that PPI could be used for selective anticancer effects (4). Also, PPI induce apoptosis of human B-cell tumour through modification of cellular pH gradient. Treatment with PPI induces sensitization of cancer cells to chemotherapeutics via modifications of cellular pH gradients. PPI treatment increased the sensitivity to vinblastine of pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line. PPI, per se, induced a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of tumoural B-cells, which was associated with a dose-and time-dependent apoptoticlike cytotoxicity in B-cell lines and leukemic cells from patients with pre-B ALL. The effect of PPI was mediated by a very early production of reactive oxygen species, which preceded alkalinization of lysosomal pH,...

Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylyglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and reduce low-density lipoprotein-C levels. Statins are well-tolerated drugs used for prevention of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Statins possess anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, metabolic, and possible anticancer effects. Statins are reported to be effective against psoriasis, dermatitis, graft-versus-host disease, uremic pruritus, vitiligo, and hirsutism. Topical forms of statins are employed in the treatment of acne, seborrhea, rosacea, and rhinophyma. Animal studies show the beneficial effect of statins against contact dermatitis and wound healing. They have promising anti-HIV effects as well. This article succinctly reviews the various cellular and molecular effects of statins, their applications in cutaneous medicine and their side effects.

These results show an increased insulin level in non-diabetics ones and overall importance of insulin effect in pathogenesis of skin tags.