Genomic imprinting is expression of gene’s only one allele in one of homolog chromosome depending on its maternal or paternal origin. A waste number of genes which are under the imprinting effect were identified as it has a key role in mammalian growth. The first three genes which is identified as imprinted are Igf2r, Igf2 and H19 which are first discovered in mouse genome. Over a hundred genes are identified as imprinted in mammals. Most of the imprinted genes are considered as they have a key role in growth and differentiation. In this review, epigenetic regulators of imprinted genes in mammals were mentioned.

In this study, retrotransposons mobility in eight pure lines of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) was analysed using IRAP-PCR (Inter-retrotransposon amplification polymorphism Polymerase Chain Reaction) method. Polymorphism rates were detected as 0–78% in Copia-like, 0–73% in Nikita, 0–60% in SIRE, and 0–38 in Sukkula in Rhode Island Red, Barred Rock, Colombian Rock, Line-54, Black Line, Blue Line, Brown Line, and Maroon Line chickens. In silico analyses presented that Blue Line with Line-54 and Barred Rock with Colombian Rock are closely related regarding these four retrotransposons. These horizontally transferred plant-specific retrotransposons may affect changes in the pure-line chicken genome.

ÖZET Araştırma, Sinop ili Gerze ilçesinde bulunan koruma altındaki saf Gerze tavuğu popülasyonu ve aynı ilde yetiştiriciliği yapılan köy tavuğu popülasyonları arasındaki genetik ilişkinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada yüksek düzeyde polimorfizm gösteren 8 adet mikrosatellit lokusu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın hayvan materyalini, Sinop ili Ayancık, Boyabat ve Gerze ilçelerinde bulunan 3 köy tavuğu popülasyonuna ait 60 örnek ve Gerze ilçesinde koruma altında tutulan 20 adet saf Gerze tavuğu oluşturmuştur. Sinop Gerze Köy, Sinop Gerze (Hacıkadı), Sinop Ayancık Köy ve Sinop Boyabat Köy popülasyonlarında beklenen heterozigotluk (H e) değerleri sırasıyla 0.820, 0.755, 0.795 ve 0.741 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Popülasyon ayrımı yapılmaksızın hesaplanan akrabalı yetiştirme katsayısı (F IS) değerleri LEI0166,

Genome modifications include potential about providing significant advantages on increasing yield performance and developing resistance to diseases. Gene editing methods that provides silencing or expressing of a gene which is an individual already has, have important potential for improving genetic structure without environmental effects. In recent times, new gene editing systems were developed. These are ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases), TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases) and CRISPR/Cas nuclease systems. CRISPR/Cas system is a microbial immune system that uses RNA guided nucleases for destroying genetic materials and its potential usage like a simple and efficient gene editing mechanism in animals is being evaluated recently. In this review, we summarized CRISPR/Cas9 system and its usability in animal breeding