Celery (Apium graveolens L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Apigenin is one of active component in Celery leaf that has fungicidal activity, so celery leaf's extortion suspected has fungicidal activity to Candida albicans. Apigenin can solved in water. The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of celery leaf's extortion againsts Candida albicans in vitro. This is a laboratory experimental research by using completely randomized design and disc diffusion method. Celery leaf's extortion was divided into 3 concentrations, there were 25%, 50% and 100%. Ketoconazole 2% was used as positive control and aquadest as negative control. The result of this research was based on analysis of variance, there was significant difference between minimal 2 treatment (p=0.000) and confirmed with Post Hoc test, there were significant difference in all treatments. As the conclusion, celery leaf's extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans in vitro with the best concentration 50% but smaller than ketoconazole 2%. Keywords: antifungal activity, celery (Apium graveolens L.), Candida albicansPengobatan menggunakan tumbuh-tumbuhan (pengobatan tradisional) sudah dikenal jauh sebelum pelayanan kesehatan dengan obat modern digunakan oleh masyarakat luas. Para ilmuwan saat ini, banyak melakukan penelitian kembali terhadap tumbuhan obat. Obat sintetik yang ada saat ini, beberapa diantaranya ditemukan efek samping dan komplikasi terhadap kesehatan manusia.

Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) has been known as traditional medicine. Shallot which has same genus with garlic (Allium sativum L.) contains allicin that is also found in garlic and has been suspected has fungicidal activity to Candida albicans. It is supported by several researches. Therefore, shallot is suspected has antifungal activity too. The aim of this research was to know antifungal activity of shallot's water extortion againsts Candida albicans in vitro. This was a laboratory experimental research which used completely randomized design, with diffusion method. Shallot's water extortion was devided into three concentrations, there were 50%, 100% and 200%. Ketoconazole 2% was positive control and aquadest was negative control. The result of this research based on analysis of varians (Anova), there was significant difference between several treatments and was confirmed with Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) p<0,05, there was significant difference between 100% shallot's water extortion with other treatments, but there was no significant difference between 50% shallot's water extortion with 200% shallot's. The conclusion was shallot's water extortion had antifungal activity againsts Candida albicans with the best concentration 100%, but it was lower than ketoconazole 2%.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is caused by a variety of microorganism, but bacteries are more often. Antibacterial isthe empiric treatment for UTI. The antibacterial resistance pattern of UTI can be changed by the place and time.Urine culture test and sensitivity test will help us to choose the effective treatment. The purpose of this researchis to find out the pattern of UTI in Pekanbaru. Results of this research showed that UTI bacterial resistancy mostlyfound in Gram negative bacateria with penicillin and 1 st cephalosporin antibiotic.

AbstrakVariasi genetik virus hepatitis B (VHB) dapat mempengaruhi manifestasi klinis, risiko karsinoma hepatoselular (KH), dan respons terhadap terapi antiviral. Desain penelitian adalah analitik cross-sectional yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan distribusi genotipe dan subtipe VHB pada berbagai manifestasi klinis hepatitis B kronik di Pekanbaru. Sebanyak lima puluh dua serum penderita hepatitis B kronik di Pekanbaru diperoleh sejak bulan Maret sampai Agustus 2009 telah diperiksa pada penelitian ini. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji Fisher. Penentuan genotipe VHB dilakukan dengan membandingkan sikuens gen S pada penelitian ini dengan sikuens gen S yang telah dipublikasi pada GenBank. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 31 (60%) penderita terinfeksi oleh genotipe C dan 21 (40%) oleh genotipe B. Berdasarkan manifestasi klinis, genotipe C merupakan genotipe yang paling banyak ditemukan pada donor darah (7/10 penderita) dan sirosis (7/10 penderita), sedangkan pada penderita hepatitis B kronik aktif dan KH ditemukan frekuensi genotipe B dan C yang hampir sama. Subtipe adr (60%) merupakan subtipe yang paling banyak ditemukan, diikuti oleh subtipe adw (38%) dan ayw (2%). Berdasarkan hasil uji stastitik tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna distribusi genotipe dan subtipe pada berbagai manifestasi klinis infeksi VHB. Namun, genotipe C (8/9 penderita) merupakan genotipe VHB yang paling banyak ditemukan pada penderita KH dengan sirosis, sedangkan genotipe B (8/11 penderita) merupakan genotipe VHB yang paling banyak menginfeksi penderita KH tanpa sirosis (p=0,01). Simpulan, genotipe VHB mungkin berhubungan dengan patogenesis karsinoma hepatoselular dengan sirosis dan tanpa sirosis. [MKB. 2011;43(3):105-11].Kata kunci: Genotipe, hepatitis B kronik, karsinoma hepatoselular, sirosis, subtipe Distribution of Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subtypes Among Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Pekanbaru AbstractGenetic variance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) may influence the clinical manifestation, development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and response to antiviral treatment. This was analytic cross-sectional study which aimed to investigate the distribution of HBV genotypes and subtypes among different clinical status of chronic hepatitis B in Pekanbaru. A total of fifty-two of sera from chronic hepatitis B patients in Pekanbaru was collected from March to August 2009. Statistical analysis was performed by using Fisher test. HBV genotypes were examined based on homology of S gene from this study with those of GenBank database. Of these subjects, 31 (60%) and 21 (40%) were infected by genotype C and B, respectively. Based on clinical manifestation, genotype C was predominantly found among HBsAg-positive blood donors (7/10 patients) and liver cirrhosis (7/10 patients), whereas genotype B and C were comparable among chronic hepatitis B active and hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Subtype adr (60%) was the most prevalent, followed by subtype adw (38%) and subtype ayw (2%). There were no significant difference in t...

Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) remains to be the most important cause of post operative wound infection. Nurses could become reservoirs to transmit S.aureus through contaminated hands transiently, or through colonized nose. Strain polymorphism could be determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), using coa gene and restriction endonuclease enzyme Alu1. There were 30 isolates of S.aureus's infection, and 20 isolates taken from hands and nose of the nurses in charge. From 50 isolate positive S.aureus, PCR results showed single and multiple bands within 300 to 900 base pairs (bp) in length, and multiple bands within 200 to 600 bp. Five out of 30 patients (17%) showed no PCR-RFLP similarity with any of the nurses. Ten out of 15 nurses which hands were positive for S.aureus, has PCR-RFLP similarity with some patients. There was only 1 out of 5 nurses which nose was positive for S.aureus, showed PCR-RFLP similarity with some patients. Statistically, the proportion of the similar PCR-RFLP between those samples in this study is 0.12 (12%). Conclusion: Nurses had 12 % PCR-RFLP similarity for S.aureus with post operative wound infection.