Maintaining inflation is one of the prime goals of the macroeconomic policy executed through the country's central bank. The persistence of inflation is considered a serious problem in developing countries because it erodes the standard of living of the majority of people. Nowadays, researchers are showing interest in energy price shocks as one of the drivers of inflation. So, the present study examines the role of pump diesel and pump gasoline prices on inflation controlling real exchange deprecation and urbanization using NARDL from 1990 to 2020. The result shows that the pump domestic diesel prices and pump domestic gasoline prices have a positively asymmetric impact on inflation in Pakistan. In contrast, real exchange deprecation and urbanization positively affect inflation. This study recommended that the government decrease the dependence on imported energy and focus on cheaper and domestic energy resources to fulfil the growing energy demand.

Plants constitute the major part of the ecosystem and maintain balance through their different roles in the stability of the environment. As plants have an impact over environment; in the same manner environment interacts with plants. These interactions bring some productive results or sometimes may cause serious issues to plants. The environment poses some serious threats to plants as it is changing drastically over the course of years. Plants have been resistant to many of biotic and abiotic stresses naturally but now it is getting challenging. The major issues faced by plants are drought, high salt concentration, temperature and many other factors. These issues can be compensated by engineering plants with such novel genes which cause the release of ethylene responsive factor in the case of drought and salt intolerance. There are various studies to engineer the stress sensitive plants with SodERF3, a novel sugarcane ethylene responsive factor which causes promising tolerance in transgenic plants.