Several phenolic compounds derived from plant biomass are attracting attention because they display high antioxidant activity. In this study, antioxidant activity was confirmed in 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA), and transesterification reaction using Candida antarctica lipase B was performed to enhance the solubility of HPA. The HPA-diolein (HPA-DON) was synthesized from HPA and triolein, while the HPA-fish oil diglyceride (HPA-dFO) was synthesized from HPA and Menhaden fish oil. To increase the conversion yield, the enzyme reaction conditions of the substrate molar ratio, enzyme amount, and reaction time were optimized. After the reaction, HPA-DON and HPA-dFO were purely separated, using prep-LC. The activity assays using DPPH and ABTS radicals confirmed that HPA-DON and HPA-dFO have antioxidant activity. HPA-DON has high activity in non-polar solvents, while HPA-dFO has strong activity in both polar solvents and non-polar solvents. In addition, HPA-dFO has the growth inhibition activity for Bacillus coagulans, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and Alcaligenes faecalis that cause food spoilage. Therefore, HPA-dFO is a new synthetic substance that has both antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity. The results indicate that these HPA-derivatives can be expected to be developed as important materials in the food and cosmetics industries.

is the most frequently used type I synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, which is extensively used worldwide. 1 However, the expanded use of permethrin might cause various toxic effects on humans, including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, digestive system toxicity, and cytotoxicity, and also reproductive, genotoxic, and hematotoxic effects. 2 According to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), permethrin may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways (Aspiration hazard, Category 1 H304). 3 The main molecular targets of synthetic pyrethroids are voltage-dependent sodium channels (VDSC); they bind to these channels and delay the inactivation of sodium channels, resulting in neurotoxic effects and, ultimately, death. 4 The main type of exposure is dermal absorption, while its major neurotoxic mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, neuronal cell loss, and mitochondrial dysfunction. 5 Permethrin is administered as the first-line therapy for scabies in pediatric patients older than 2 months in many countries, which may lead to accidental poisoning in few cases, especially among children. 6 Despite its global application, there have been scarce reports of pediatric toxicity following permethrin administration. The present report describes the case of a 12-year-old girl with cardiac and respiratory arrest resulting from self-induced oral toxicity by permethrin. | CASE PRESENTATIONA 12-year-old Afghan girl, with no previous medical problem, drank an unknown insecticide covertly at home. Two hours after ingestion, symptoms of headache, vertigo, vomiting, dyspnea, and confusion presented at home, and after

Background: Sleep loss is one of the most important health problems in the world, and about 30 to 40 percent of ordinary people suffer from it. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the combination of resveratrol and naringenin in attenuation of sleep deprivation (SD) complications in rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 72 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into three main groups, including control, sham, and 7-days SD group. Each of its main groups consisted of three subgroups, including without drug, vehicle, and combination therapy groups (naringenin [100 mg/kg], resveratrol [100 mg/kg]). The day after the latest injection, the fear conditioning memory tests, locomotor activity test, hot plate, and forced swimming tests (FST) were carried out on all rats, and then sham and SD groups were induced 48 hours of non-REM SD (device off and on, respectively) and these behavioral tests were repeated for all rats again. Finally, the brains of all rats were removed and histopathologically examined, and stained with nissl and TUNNEL. Results: To assess fear condition memory, the rate of latency to first freezing in the visual and auditory phase increased in sham and SD rats that received vehicle or no drug (P<0.001), which indicates memory corruption. Injection of the combination of naringenin and resveratrol reduced the latency to first freezing (P<0.001), which means improved memory. In the FST test, injection of naringenin and resveratrol reduced the rate of immobility (P<0.001), which means improved depressive behavior. The naringenin and resveratrol reduced the pain perception threshold. Also, the naringenin and resveratrol reduced apoptosis compared to the control and vehicle groups (P<0.001). Conclusions: The combination of naringenin and resveratrol compared to other groups could improve memory and mood as well as reduce apoptosis, depression, and pain perception threshold. [GMJ.2021;10:e2315]