Percutaneous ASD closure with TTE guidance as the only imaging tool avoids fluoroscopy, endotracheal intubation, and probe insertion and is associated with a satisfactory procedural success rate and lower costs. This procedure is a safe and reliable treatment for ASD.

This study demonstrated that percutaneous PDA occlusion can be successfully performed under guidance of transthoracic echocardiography only and appears safe and effective while avoiding radiation and contrast agent use.

Perventricular device closure of pmVSDs appears safe and effective with symmetric and asymmetric occluders. However, the lower residual shunt disappearance and higher branch block incidence rates for asymmetric occluders would favour more proactive conversion to surgical repair immediately when residual shunt is present intraoperatively.

This study demonstrated that PBPV can be successfully performed under only echocardiography guidance and appears safe and effective while avoiding radiation and contrast agent use.