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Lacquer sap is a water-in-oil natural emulsion with high viscosity. in nature, it exudes from the phloem of lacquer tree to repair its wounds in the presence of o 2. So far, it is unclear how rapid and smooth polymerization of urushiol is achieved in such a viscous sap. Here, we find that there is a diffuse interface layer with 2.43 nm of thickness between two phases. The interface layer consists of urushiol, urushiol-laccase complex, urushiol-stellacyanin complex and water-insoluble glycoprotein. Polymerization of urushiol is realized by multicomponent synergistic effect. Radicals are first formed by laccase-catalyzed oxidation of urushiol at the interface layer, then are transferred to the urushiol oil phase via wate-insoluble glycoprotein and initiate the polymerization of urushiol there. Stellacyanin inhibits the formation of certain radicals and controls the concentration of phenoxy radicals at the interface layer. Through the inhibition of radicals by stellacyanin and the electron transfer mediated by water-insoluble glycoprotein, the polymerization of urushiol at the interface layer is inhibited. This ensures that o 2 can continuously penetrate into the aqueous phase to oxidize the reduced laccase so that the urushiol polymerization can continue smoothly. this polymerization mechanism provides an idea for developing new chemical reaction systems.

Nano‐TiO2/lacquer hybrid coatings are prepared by the blend of nano‐TiO2 and lacquer sap. Nano‐TiO2 particles are involved in the laccase‐catalyzed polymerization process of urushiol, which improves the properties of lacquer film. With increasing nano‐TiO2 from 0 to 5 wt %, the drying time of lacquer film to reach hardened dryness decreases from >12 h to 8 h 30 min under 30 °C and 80% relative humidity. Gel permeation chromatography analysis shows that the addition of nano‐TiO2 accelerates the polymerization of urushiol. It is also related to the formation of TiOC bonds due to the reaction between nano‐TiO2 and the radicals produced by laccase‐catalyzed oxidation. The pencil hardness, flexibility, and adhesion of hybrid lacquer film can be improved and reach 4H, 1 mm, and grade 2, respectively. Its inhibition rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus increases from 22.6% and −21.4% to 49.2% and 67.8%, respectively. Furthermore, nano‐TiO2 hybrid lacquer films also possess higher thermo‐stability than the raw lacquer film. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45865.

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BackgroundTumor perfusion is significantly associated with the development and aggressiveness of endometrial cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of quantitative perfusion parameters measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in endometrial cancer before surgery.Material/MethodsA total of 223 patients with endometrial cancer were included between 1 May 1 2013 and 1 May 1 2017 for preoperative CEUS. The mean enhancement rate (ER) was calculated as enhancement intensity (EI)/rise time (RT) results from time-intensity curve (TIC) during CEUS. After a mean follow-up of 33.5±9.9 months, the correlation of ER and postoperative overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis.ResultsThe optimal cutoff ER value predicting survival based on the ROC curve was 1.8 dB/s. Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis demonstrated that a patient with a high ER level had worse DFS and OS than those with a low ER (DFS, P<0.01; OS, P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, ER was confirmed as an independent predictor for both recurrence (HR, 1.68; 95% CI: 1.01–7.73) and OS (HR, 1.98; 95%CI: 1.01–7.83) for patients with endometrial cancer (both P<0.05).ConclusionsPerfusion variables measured by CEUS are significantly useful predictive factor for postoperative survival in endometrial cancer.