The innate immune system has been considered as an ancient system and less important than the adaptive immune system. However, the interest in innate immunity has grown significantly in the past few years marked by the identification of Toll-like receptors, a member of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRRs are crucial for the identification of self- and non-self-antigen and play a role in the initiation of signaling events that activate the effective immune response. These sensor signals through interweaving signaling cascades which result in the production of interferons and cytokines as the effector of immune system. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) actively mediate the rapid and versatile regulatory processes that initiate the activation of the innate immune system cascade. The seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) is a potent RING finger E3 ubiquitin ligase that is known to involve in several stress responses, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, DNA damage stress, and inflammation. In this review, the role of SIAH will be discussed as an E3 ubiquitin ligase on the regulation of innate immune.

No abstract

Caesalpinia bonducella F. (Leguminosae) is widely used medicinal plant which contains flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and a potent antioxidant activity. However, the antihyperglycemic effect of the seed of C. bonducella is remained to be evaluated. This study used 24 male Wistar albino rats that were induced for type 2 diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA). The rats were divided into three groups: the distilled water-treated group (NC group), glibenclamide-treated group (10 mg/kg/d, oral; PC group), and C. bonducella seed extract-treated group (500 mg/kg/d, oral; T group). Blood glucose and plasma insulin measurements were done after 14 days of treatment. The results showed that the postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) level of both PC and T groups were decreased significantly (p < 0.01 for both), whereas in NC group, the PPBG level was rising (p < 0.01). Glibenclamide was found to be more effective to decrease the PPBG level than C. bonducella seed extract (p < 0.01). The post-test fasting insulin level of T group was higher than other groups (p < 0.05). In summary, our results suggest that ethanolic extract of C. bonducella seed possesses antidiabetic activity against experimentally-induced type 2 diabetes.

High fat and high cholesterol diet cause hyperlipidemia, leading to various health problems including reproductive health. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of sembung (Blumea balsamifera) leaf extract on testicular histology profile of high-fat-dietinduced wistar. This research used 16 adult male rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 3-4 month, weighing 150-200 g, and randomly divided into two groups. Eight rats were treated with distilled water and eight rats were treated with 2 mg/mL B. balsamifera extract. High-fat diet was a 30 days of porcine fat feed. The results showed that the diameter of seminiferous tubules, the number of spermatogenic cells of spermatogonium A, spermatocytes Pakiten and spermatid 16 were increased by giving sembung leaf extract for 50 days (p <0.05). These results suggested that the sembung leaf extract improves testis histology of high-fat diet-induced rats. ABSTRAKMakanan tinggi lemak dan tinggi kolestrol menyebabkan hiperlipidemia yang menimbulkan masalah pada sistem reproduksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manfaat pemberian ekstrak daun sembung (Blumea balsamifera) terhadap profil tubulus seminiferus dan sel-sel spermatogenik pada tikus wistar yang diinduksi pakan tinggi lemak. Sebanyak 16 ekor tikus wistar jantan dewasa (Rattus norvegicus) umur 3-4 bulan, berat 150-200 g, secara random dibagi dua kelompok, yaitu 8 ekor tikus kelompok kontrol (aquades steril) dan 8 ekor tikus kelompok perlakuan (ekstrak daun sembung dosis 2 mg/mL). Tikus diinduksi pakan tinggi lemak berupa lemak babi selama 30 hari. Pada prettest dilakukan pemeriksaan diameter tubulus seminiferus dan sel-sel spermatogenik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata diameter tubulus seminiferus tikus meningkat signifikan setelah pemberian ekstrak daun sembung. Peningkatan secara signifikan juga diikuti oleh spermatogonium A, spermatosit Pakiten dan spermatid 16 (p<0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun sembung memperbaiki histologi testis tikus wistar yang diinduksi pakan tinggi lemak.

No abstract