The conventional electrical grid is undergoing substantial growth for reliable grid operation and for more efficient and sustainable energy use. The traditional grid is now metamorphosing into a smart grid (SG) that incorporates a diverse, heterogeneous blend of operating measures such as smart appliances, meters, and renewable energy resources. With better efficient results and dependability, the SG can be described as a modern electric power grid architecture. The SG is one of the greatest potential advances as a promising solution for the energy crisis. However, it is complex and its decentralization could be of tremendous benefit. Moreover, digitalization and integration of a large number of growing connections make it a target of cyber-attacks. In this sense, blockchain is a promising SG paradigm solution that offers several excellent features. There has been considerable effort put into using blockchains in the smart grid for its decentralization and enhanced cybersecurity; however, it has not been thoroughly studied in both application and architectural perspectives. An in-depth study was conducted on blockchain-enabled SG applications. Blockchain architectures for various applications, such as the synchrophasor applications, electric vehicles, energy management systems, etc., were proposed. The purpose of this article is to provide directions for future research efforts aimed at secure and decentralized SG applications using blockchain.

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This paper presents a comprehensive review of the technical aspects and challenges in existing public transport services. This review highlights the challenges and solutions for the main subsystems of public transport services, being focused on the influence of public transportation in an urban area with high demographics to identify solutions based on blockchain technology for future development of the current management platforms. More than 2000 research papers, published since 2018 and until now, have been analyzed in Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The keywords used for the analysis of blockchain integration in public transport are related to technology, services, management, the use of electric vehicles, and the impact of public transport on the environment. In this research, we analyzed why there is a need for integrating the blockchain technologies in public transport.