To analyze the association between smoking status (active smoking and exposure to Second-Hand Smoking (SHS)) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI with gout risk, a community-based case-control design was undertaken among 385 participants, including 304 healthy controls and 81 gout patients from seven community health services. Adjusted Odd Ratios (AORs) and 95% Confidence Interval (CIs) of gout for active smoking and SHS were 3.26 (95% CI = 1.07~9.90) and 4.67 (95% CI = 2.18~10.00) compared to non-smokers. Time-dependent manner of active smoking and SHS significantly increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 5.95 (1.41~25.03) and 10.12 (3.51~29.14). Dose-dependency of active smokers and SHS showed AORs and 95% CIs of 5.15 (1.28~20.63) and 4.37 (1.33~14.28). Smoking 20 cigarettes (one pack) per day for one year is equivalent to one pack-year. Active smoking >20 pack-year and SHS > 26.5 pack-year increased gout risk with AORs and 95% CIs of 7.18 (1.53~33.67) and 9.95 (3.64~27.22). Participants who smoked (active smoking and SHS) and with Body Mass Index (BMI) of > 24.9 kg/m2 synergistically increased gout risk, with an AOR of 9.65 and 95% CI of 3.25~28.65, compared to BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/m2 and non-smoker. Smoking status (active smoking and SHS) and the synergistic effect of smoking status and BMI increased gout risk in Indonesia.

Indonesia as a tropical country with two seasons and has a high humidity into a good land for mushrooms growth. Students need to be taught to understand mushrooms. Understanding includes; morphology, physiology, reproduction, roles, and benefits of fungi. Discovery learning with a scientific approach becomes one of the active methods for, providing learning to Senior high school-class 10th students. Methods of scientific approach are done through activities: observing, asking, trying, reasoning, and communicating. A biology lesson that is active, innovative, creative, effective, and fun for the learners depends on the approach chosen and the instructional method used. The purpose of the development of this learning material was to design a biology instructional module on fungi using discovery learning with scientific approach. A scientific approach is a learning approach conducted through the following activities: observing, asking questions, experimenting, analyzing, and communicating. One method that is relevant with the principles of scientific approach is discovery learning. The stages in discovery learning are: stimulation, problem identification, data collection, data processing, providing evidence, and drawing conclusion. This biology lesson based on discovery learning with scientific approach complemented with pictures has the potentials in increasing the learning of the learners because they will be able to organize and conduct experiments to discover new knowledge

Buah yang berasal dari Myristica fragrans merupakan sumber minyak atsiri dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi. Penelitian mengenai buah M. fragrans selama ini hanya memfokuskan pada indentifikasi senyawa bioaktif, penerapannya, dan yield-nya. Tapi penyelidikan mengenai perubahan fisik yakni diameter buah belum adanya pengkajian. Sehingga dalam penelitian ini memfokuskan pada perubahan diameter buah menggunakan fungsi Boltzmann , dan penggunaan fungsi yang dimaksud menunjukan luaran berupa garfik sigmoid semilogaritma. Dari grafik tersebut mencirikan tiga fase perubahan kumulatif diameter. Fase pertama terjadi selama tiga minggu, fase ke dua delapan minggu, dan fase ketiga yakni dua minggu. Disamping itu interpretasi  mampu menjelaskan sebab akibat perubahan diameter tersebut.

Background: Most Indonesians with hyperuricemia are less than 40 years old, which suggests an increasing gout risk in the country. Meanwhile, untreated hyperuricemia was also suggested to lead to hypertension. Yet, it is unclear whether blood pressure (BP) plays a mediating role between urate and gout. Objective: We investigated the mediating effect of BP between urate and gout risk in Indonesians using a partial least squares-structural equation model. Method: A community-based retrospective case-control study was conducted between July 1 and August 31, 2019 in Indonesia. We randomly recruited 397 participants, including 86 patients with gout and 311 healthy controls from seven community health service centers. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the adjusted odds ratios of the association between risk factors, such as urate level and BP, and gout risk after controlling for other covariates. A path analysis was utilized to analyze the mediating effect of systolic BP between urate and gout. The STROBE reporting guideline for the observational study is adopted in our reporting. Result: We found that a 1 mg/dL increase of urate level significantly increased gout risk with an OR of 4.97 (95% CI: 3.48–7.09) and an AOR of 4.44 (95% CI: 3.07 –6.42) after adjusting for covariates. The association between urate and gout was also significantly mediated by systolic BP (β = 0.05; 95% CI Bias Corrected [0.02–0.08], p < 0.001). Conclusion: Urate was significantly associated with gout risk and was possibly mediated by increased systolic BP in Indonesians. Controlling systolic BP could be one of the strategies to decrease the risk of gout for individuals with hyperuricemia. Health education can be carried out by community health nurses to individuals on controlling their urate level and systolic BP to decrease the gout risk among Indonesian.

Latar Belakang: Studi hiperurisemia pada masyarakat dengan latar-belakang etnik tertentu di Indonesiamenarik dipelajari karena selain terkait dengan sejumlah indikator/penyakit metabolik tetapi juga karenakeunikan budaya dan kontribusi genetik yang mungkin signifikan memberi pengaruh. Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui prevalensi hiperurisemia dan melihat hubungannya dengan indikator metabolik lain,khususnya kadar gula darah sewaktu (GDS) dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) pada komunitas etnik asli diHalmahera Utara.Metode: Sebanyak 240 responden dari 4 komunitas etnik asli di Halmahera Utara diikutsertakan dalampenelitian ini. Penentuan responden (etnik asli) melalui seleksi acak. Penelusuran responden dilakukandengan mengidentifikasi marga yang mewakili nama-nama keluarga pada masing-masing etnik asli diHalmahera Utara. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik Mann Whitney dan Spearman correlation.Hasil Penelitian: Prevalensi hiperurisemia tergolong tinggi, yakni 60% (pria 50,83% dan wanita 69,17%).Sebaliknya, prevalensi hiperglikemia lebih rendah sebesar 1,25% (pria 1,67% dan wanita 0,83%). Prevalensiberat badan lebih (overweight) dan obese adalah berturut-turut 29,17% dan 12,50%; pria 30% dan 11,67%;serta, wanita 28,33% dan 13,33%. terdapat korelasi positif namun tidak nyata antara kadar asam urat danGDS (r=0,082, ρ=0,207), dan terdapat korelasi negatif tidak nyata antara kadar asam urat dan IMT pada populasi etnik (r=-0,047, ρ=0,468). Hubungan antara kadar gula darah dan IMT pada keseluruhan data etnikmenunjukkan hubungan positif dan nyata (r=0,176, ρ=0,006).Kesimpulan: Prevalensi hiperurisemia (dan berat badan lebih) pada etnik-etnik di Halmahera tergolongsangat tinggi. Secara statistik, tidak terdapat hubungan antara nilai kadar asam urat dengan kadar GDS,demikian pula antara kadar asam urat dengan IMT. Terdapat korelasi positif nyata antara nilai IMT dankadar GDS.Kata Kunci: IMT, asam urat, gula darah sewaktu, halmahera utara