The objective was to determine effects of gallic acid (GA) and carnosic acid (CA), present in carob pods and rosemary extract respectively, on frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa. Thirty ejaculates were collected from five Merino rams, pooled, diluted in Tris-based extender and divided into five equal portions containing: 0.05 or 2 mM of GA; 0.05 or 0.2 mM of CA; or no additive (control). Extended semen was equilibrated at +4°C, loaded into straws, held 5 cm above liquid nitrogen for 12 min then plunged.Computer-aided sperm analysis was used to assess motility, whereas flow cytometry

The objective of this study was to determine effects of supplementing Tris-based semen extenders with either cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) or 7-dehydrocholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (7-DCLC) plus trehalose (T) for cryopreservation of ram semen. Semen was collected with an artificial vagina from five Merino rams (2–3 years of age) during the non-breeding season. Ejaculates were pooled, divided into eight equal portions, diluted with a standard Tris-based extender containing: no additive (control); T (50 mM); or T (50 mM) + 1.5, 2.5 or 3.5 mg of either 7-DCLC or CLC. Semen was chilled from 37°C to 4°C, placed in 0.25 ml French straws, held 5 cm above liquid nitrogen for 12 minutes, then plunged into liquid nitrogen. After thawing, a computer-aided semen analyzer system (CASA) was used to assess motility, whereas plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI) and high mitochondrial membrane potential (HMMP) were assessed with flow cytometry. Sperm supplemented with 2.5 mg and 3.5 mg CLC + T had the highest (P < 0.05) total and progressive motility (65.2 ± 4.7 and 19.0 ± 1.0% respectively, mean ± SEM), albeit with no significant differences from sperm with 1.5 or 3.5 mg CLC + T. Sperm with 2.5 mg CLC + T had the highest (P < 0.05) PMAI (59.3%; not different from 3.5 mg CLC + T) and highest (P < 0.05) HMMP (64.6%; not different from 1.5 or 3.5 mg CLC + T). The lowest ALH value, 2.8 ± 0.3 µm was in the 2.5 mg 7-DCLC + T group; otherwise, there were no significant differences among groups for any other CASA end point. In conclusion, adding CLC + T to a tris-based extender optimized quality of frozen-thawed ram semen. Therefore, extenders including CLC + T have potential to improve quality of frozen-thawed ram sperm.

Conventional buffalo semen freezing studies are limited in Anatolian buffaloes, which are overly sensitive to exogenous stimulation. The present study's object was to determine the main features of Anatolian Buffalo semen obtained by artificial vagina method for the first time. A total number of 150 ejaculates were collected from three Anatolian Buffalo bulls (app. 4 years of age). The mean pH, volume and concentration of semen were found 6.63±0.15, 1.61±0.5 ml, 1629±222.67 x10 6 spermatozoa/ml, respectively. The sperm motion characteristics were determined by using a computerassisted sperm analysis system (CASA); the total and progressively motile sperm values were 57.

Goat breeding has economic importance specifically in developing countries in terms of fiber, milk, and meat production. To reach the increasing market demands, a thoroughly organized breeding program is required. While most breeders focus on the female part of reproduction management, male selection constitutes the overlooked half. However, this forgotten part should begin with male selection through an andrological evaluation examination (Breeding soundness exam (BSE)). After the male selection, semen collected from these bucks can be transported to other herds easily and genetic advance can be achieved in a shorter period with the help of assisted reproductive techniques. Using selected males' semen with artificial insemination (AI) in goats can bring huge improvement at goat breeding with its rapid and reform triggering effects. However, there are still missing pieces in terms of andrological examination evaluation and assisted reproductive techniques in goats and future research is still required to complete this puzzle. This review will focus on the selection of bucks and the advances in most commonly used assisted reproduction techniques in the field level.

Öz: Spermanın kalite analizleri, infertilitenin tanımlanmasında ve yardımcı üreme teknikleri yönünden günümüz bilim dünyasında değer kazanmaya başlamıştır. Bu analizlerde tercih edilen yöntemlerin en gelişmişlerinden biri olan akış sitometrisi, akış halindeki bir süspansiyon içindeki çeşitli boyut ve yapıdaki hücre, nükleus ve benzeri hücre komponentleri, kromozomal yapılar ve çeşitli partikülleri de kapsayan taneciklerin, lazer ve özelleştirilmiş dedektörler yardımıyla nitelik ve nicelik özelliklerinin ölçülmesine dayanan bir yöntemdir. Bu amaçla, florokrom moleküllerle boyanmış örneklere ait partiküllerin tek sıralı hale getirilmesinin ardından optik sistemden saçılan lazer ışınına maruz kalmakta, geri dönen ışınlar ise toplanarak elektronik sinyallere dönüştürülmektedir. Elektronik sinyaller ise yazılımlar ile değerlendirilmektedir. Akış sitometrisinin, geniş kullanım yelpazesi içerisinden, gelişen infertilite teşhis metodları ve yardımcı üreme teknikleri sayesinde ilk olarak beşeri androloji laboratuvarlarında, hemen ardından ise veteriner androloji laboratuvarlarında, spermatozoanın konsantrasyonu; plazma membran ve akrozom bütünlüğü; apoptosis; mitokondriyal membran potansiyeli; kapasitasyon; oksidatif stres; lipid peroksidasyonu; DNA bütünlüğü ve cinsiyetin belirlenmesi vb. amaçlar ile kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derlemede akış sitometrisi ve analizlerinin sperma kalitesini belirlemedeki rolü ve önemi açıklanarak ilgili sperm kalite parametrelerinin ölçümünde kullanılan protokoller hakkında detaylı bilgilendirme sağlanması hedeflenmiştir.