<p class="abstrakinggris"><span lang="EN-US">As a generalist pathogen in cereals, <em>Fusarium </em>spp. become the most threatening fungi which can conduct its saprogenesis by infecting seeds. Determination of fungal identity and the yield loss risk is needed to modify the effective controlling strategies. However, there is no report on implementing methods for controlling <em>Fusarium </em>spp. on foxtail millet (<em>Setaria italica </em>L. Beauv.). This research was undertaken from July to September 2020 and November to December 2021 under ambient laboratory conditions to identify and evaluate the pathogenicity of seed-borne <em>Fusarium </em>species in foxtail millet. One hundred colonies of seed-borne fungi were isolated from foxtail millet genotype ICERI-6 which was dominated by <em>Fusarium </em>spp. Morphological characterization by observing the structure of colonies and microscopical features indicated that the six isolates (Fu1–Fu6) were identical to <em>Fusarium solani, F. chlamydosporum, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. proliferatum, </em>and <em>F. graminearum</em>, respectively.<em> </em>Molecular identification for the 5.8s rDNA target gene with ITS1 and ITS4 primers has confirmed that the <em>Fusarium</em> spp. were determined as mentioned species. Pathogenicity test using potato dextrose agar medium showed that the germination percentage of seed inoculated by <em>Fusarium</em> spp. was only 1.2% on average at 7 days after incubation. These species led to germination failure as the seeds were covered by fungal mycelia. Seeds that could escape from germination failure performed necrotic spots on the seedlings. These abnormalities would contribute to low productivity in the field. The study has implication in controlling seed-borne disease and that resistant variety breeding becomes important issues to be addressed for future research.</span></p>

Permintaan yang tinggi terhadap komoditas Kedelai seiring dengan peningkatan konsumsi masyarakat pada produk-produk olahannya. Kenyataan tersebut tidak diimbangi dengan peningkatan produktivitas kedelai dalam negeri. Riniarsi (2016) melaporkan bahwa produktivitas kedelai tahun 2016 bahkan mengalami penurunan sebesar 3.95% dibandingkan tahun sebelumnya.  Faktor yang menyebabkan penurunan produksi kedelai salah satunya karena penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus tanaman. Seiring dengan tren pengurangan bahan kimia sintetis pada praktik budidaya tanaman, aplikasi mikroba endofit indigenous menjadi solusi alternatif dalam pengendalian penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman mikroba endofit indigenous pada berbagai bagian jaringan tanaman kedelai dan menguji virulensinya secara in vitro.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksplorasi. Hasil eksplorasi cendawan endofit indigenous berjumlah 11 isolat dan bakteri berjumlah 3 isolat. Cendawan endofit indigenous berhasil diisolasi dari seluruh jaringan tanaman, kecuali polong. Keragaman cendawan endofit indigenous tertinggi terdapat pada jaringan akar dan batang, yaitu masing-masing berjumlah 4 isolat. Identitas cendawan endofit indigenous yang berhasil diidentifikasi antara lain adalah Fusarium sp., Verticilllum sp., Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., dan Penicillium sp. Adapun 6 isolat lainnya tidak dapat terindentifikasi. Bakteri endofit indigenous hanya terisolasi dari jaringan polong, akar, dan tanah. Seluruh bakteri merupakan golongan bakteri Gram negatif. Berdasarkan hasil Uji Hipovirulensi, terhadap 7 isolat cendawan endofit indigenous yang masuk dalam kategori hipovirulen dan 4 isolat lainnya bersifat virulen. Sedangkan semua isolat bakteri endofit indigenous yang diuji menunjukkan kategori virulen.

White root disease is a significant disease of cashew in Indonesia. However, the identity of the causal agent of the disease remains unclear. The objective of the research was to determine the pathogen causing cashew white root disease. Procedures undertaken in this research were (1) field observation in cashew plantations in Karangasem, Bali; (2) isolation and characterization of the suspected fungus and (3) Koch’s postulate on cashew saplings in the greenhouse. Field observation showed that white root disease occurs in cashew plantations with trees prevalently at the age of 8-23 years, with the primary symptom wilting and the presence of rhizomorph on the basal stem. Morphologically, Rigidoporus sp. fungus was consistently isolated from the root of infected plants. An artificial inoculation on nine-month-old saplings showed that wilting symptoms and the presence of rhizomorph on the basal stem developed at 51-76 days after inoculation. The inoculated saplings finally died. Root colonization by Rigidoporus sp. ranged from 35-90%. Rigidoporus sp. as the causal agent of white root disease of cashew was confirmed.

PPSCashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) has been grown on a plantation scale and has become a significant plantation commodity in some regions of Indonesia, such as Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi. This plant produces "true" fruit known as cashew nuts. Recently, market demand for cashew nuts has increased in domestic and international markets, especially Europe and America. In 2019/20, cashew nuts were the third most popular tree nut (after almonds and walnuts) and contributed 17% of global tree nut production (International Nut and Dried Fruit Council Foundation 2020). As one of the cashews nut-producing countries, Indonesia ranks 7 th as the largest producer globally (Ministry of Trade of Indonesia 2016). Furthermore, the data released by the Directorate General of Plantations of the Ministry of Agriculture (2019) showed that the total area of the national cashew nut was 494 268 ha until 2018, which was dominated by smallholder plantations. Therefore, 99.8% of Indonesia's cashew nut production came from smallholder plantations.Poor field management and sanitation are a weakness of smallholder plantations, so cultiva-