Objectives. e aim of this study was to evaluate the facial esthetics of White-Brazilian adults with complete unilateral cle lip and palate (UCLP) rehabilitated at a single center. Design. 30 patients (13 females; 17 males; mean age of 24.0 years), rehabilitated at a single center, were photographed and evaluated by 25 examiners, 5 orthodontists, and 5 plastic surgeons dealing with oral cles, 5 orthodontists and 5 plastic surgeons with no experience in the cle treatment, and 5 laymen. eir facial pro�les were classi�ed into esthetically unpleasant, esthetically acceptable, and esthetically pleasant. Results. Orthodontists dealing with oral cles classi�ed the majority of the sample as esthetically pleasant. Plastic surgeons dealing with oral cle, orthodontists, and plastic surgeons without experience with oral cles classi�ed most of the sample as esthetically acceptable. Laymen evaluation also considered the majority of the sample as esthetically acceptable. Conclusions. e facial pro�les of rehabilitated adults with UCLP were classi�ed mostly as esthetically acceptable, with variations among the categories of examiners. e examiners dealing with oral cles gave higher scores to the facial esthetics when compared to professionals without experience in oral cles and laypersons, probably due to their knowledge of the limitations involved in the rehabilitation process.

The occurrence of root resorption in orthodontically treated permanent incisors with partially formed roots was investigated using periapical radiographs taken before and after the orthodontic leveling in the mixed dentition. The mean age at the beginning of treatment was 9 years and the mean treatment time was 7.1 months. The findings showed that the orthodontic movement during root formation causes no root resorption. The longitudinal follow-up showed that incompletely formed roots developed normally.

In recent years, a number of industrial applications for lipases in biotransformation of fatty acids and lipids have been developed. One of the main reasons for this growing interest is the reduced overall catalyst cost owing to the development of commercially available immobilized enzymes, using polymeric carriers that facilitate recovery and reuse of the catalyst. Additional benefits for industrial applications include the specificity of the enzyme and the mild processing conditions. Diglycerol resulting from the dimerization of glycerol may replace molecules such as propylene glycol as the hydrophilic moiety of surfactants. Also, diglycerol fatty acid esters are useful as biodegradable nonionic surfactants for food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, the enzymatic esterification of diglycerol and lauric acid has been optimized in a solvent‐free system. The reaction was carried out in a stirred batch reactor with a vacuum pump in order to shift the equilibrium toward the products. The commercial lipase Novozym‐435 was chosen as the most suitable catalyst, and the initial acid/alcohol ratio was always 1∶1. The reaction of lauric acid and diglycerol leveled off at equilibrium conversion after approximately 1 h of reaction. Previous work indicated that only temperature and catalyst concentration had significant effects on the conversion, and a full two‐factorial design has proved effective in the study of the influence of these two variables on the process. The temperature range studied was 63–77°C, and the range of the catalyst concentration was 0.2–5.8 wt%. Both catalyst concentration and temperature were found to be significant factors in the esterification process, and their influences are positive. The effect of the interaction between temperature and catalyst concentration was small. A first‐order approach could not fit the data adequately, and a model that included quadratic effects was required. A second‐order model was developed to predict the yield of ester as a function of the variables. Analysis of residuals showed that the model predicted accurately the acid conversion over the experimental range considered. This model is useful to determine the optimal operating conditions for the industrial process.

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of mandibular second premolar (MnP2) distoangulation among orthodontic patients and the angular changes after a longitudinal follow-up. Methods The sample was collected from the orthodontic records of 865 patients. The distoangulation group was composed of 42 patients (mean age 9.29 ± 1.24 years, 16 male, 26 female) with distoangulation of MnP2. The control group was composed of 32 patients (mean age 9.38 ± 1.10 years, 15 male, and 17 female) without distoangulation of MnP2. Panoramic radiographs taken in the mixed (T1) and the early permanent dentition (T2) were analyzed in both groups. Longitudinal angular changes (distal angle θ and premolar-molar angle γ), degree of root formation, second premolar depth, and prevalence of associated dental anomalies were analyzed. Intergroup comparison was performed with Mann–Whitney, t-tests, and chi-square tests (P < 0.05). Results The prevalence of MnP2 distoangulation in the mixed dentition was 4.85%. The distoangulation group showed a smaller initial distal angle (59.34o ± 8.41) when compared to control group (79.88o ± 7.60). The spontaneous eruption of the MnP2 with distoangulation was observed in 76.57% of the sample. MnP2 distoangulation was significantly associated with agenesis of its antimere, small maxillary lateral incisors, and deciduous molar infraocclusion. Limitations Severe cases of MnP2 distoangulation were absent in this study. Conclusions The frequency of MnP2 distoangulation among orthodontic patients was 4.85%. Mild to moderate distoangulated Mnp2 spontaneously uprighted from the mixed to the permanent dentition. Small lateral incisors, second premolar agenesis, and infraocclusion of deciduous molar were frequently found in cases with MnP2 distoangulation.

OBJETIVOS: o presente estudo radiográfico, retrospectivo e longitudinal objetivou determinar se a ancoragem do aparelho expansor fixo tipo Haas, modificado para as dentaduras decídua e mista, interfere na velocidade de rizólise e esfoliação dos caninos decíduos. MÉTODOS: foi feita uma avaliação quantitativa da rizólise do canino decíduo mediante a medição do comprimento coroa-ápice dos caninos decíduos superiores, dos lados direito e esquerdo. Para essa avaliação, 24 crianças submetidas à expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) na dentadura decídua ou no início da dentadura mista foram comparadas com 15 crianças que não passaram por esse procedimento. A medição do comprimento coroa-ápice dos caninos decíduos foi realizada com o programa computadorizado CEF-X Cefalometria Digital, produzido pela CDT Informática, que permitiu calibrar o tamanho dos dentes pela uniformização das imagens radiográficas digitalizadas. RESULTADOS: os dados estatísticos revelaram que não houve diferença na velocidade de rizólise dos caninos decíduos entre as crianças do grupo controle e as do grupo submetido à ERM. CONCLUSÕES: é possível inferir que o aparelho expansor fixo tipo Haas ancorado em dentes decíduos não influencia a rizólise dos caninos decíduos usados como ancoragem.