Cet article étudie la relation entre consommation d'énergie par habitant et revenu par habitant, ainsi que les déterminants de cette relation, sur un échantillon de données de panel de 29 pays d'Afrique subsaharienne observés sur la période 1980-2011. Notre spécificité est la prise en compte explicite de l'hétérogénéité entre pays à l'aide d'un modèle de données de panel à coefficients hétérogènes. Les résultats montrent que la relation énergie-revenu est effectivement très hétérogène, et que la courbe de Kuznets environnementale existe dans seulement 4 pays. Cette hétérogénéité est également observée dans les effets des variables affectant cette relation.
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