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The ideas presented in this paper are summarized as follows. The first idea entails improving the security of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) architectures by means of asymmetric cryptography and digital signatures and measuring the performance overhead. This allows achieving some obvious subsequent goals such as data-origin authentication, and the traceability and implicit nonrepudiation of commands given to intelligent field and direct control equipment. The possibility to include digital signatures with a minimum impact on a standard and a reliable data communication protocol, such as Distributed Network Protocol version 3 (DNP3), also known to have a mature, industrially validated, opensource implementation, has been tested and the results are presented. A second idea concerns designing and developing a multitenant cloud-based architecture for a SCADA environment. This hypothesis focuses on certain SCADA operators that manage multiple industrial control systems (ICS) and intend to consolidate process data in a centralized manner. INDEX TERMS digital signatures, cybersecurity, SCADA, industrial control system, cloud-based services.

In this study, the production efficiency of a company’s manufacturing flow decreased, and therefore specific improvement actions on the tire manufacturing process were implemented. Additionally, the process improvement plan started with a deeper understanding of the activities, by using the SIPOC method (suppliers, inputs, process, outputs, customers). In order to identify the root-causes and the opportunities for improvement, quality instruments, such as the Ishikawa and Pareto quality tools, were used. The tire manufacturing process was reorganized using the 5S method, then the process was standardized and maintained through specific working procedures drafted on the standard operating procedure format. A particular device was designed for unlocking spring vents. Finally, the implementation of the redesign project shows added value as the entire manufacturing process improved by identifying weaknesses and correcting them. In addition to this, a different objective of the same company used in this case study is linked to adapting to market regulation requirements (the Economic Commission of Europe), with the aim to remain competitive. Therefore, well-defined processes and a strategy based on continuous improvement are needed. The methodology may be transferred to other industries.

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