Tregs and NK cells may be important regulators of thyroid cancer progression.

CD3(-)CD16(-)CD56(bright) NK cell infiltration seems to be associated with PTC progression. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the immune response in PTC and may lead to novel immunotherapeutic approaches in these patients.

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Parathyroid adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) resulting in hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria due to autonomous secretion of PTH. Ectopic parathyroid adenoma, as a consequence of variability in the glandular tissue migration during the embryologic life or a super numary fifth parathyroid gland, has an incidence of 25% among patients with PHPT. The incidence of deeply mediastinal ectopic parathyroid adenoma is 1-3%.