Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) appears to have a higher mortality rate in presence of comorbidities and in men. The latter suggests the presence of a possible sex-dependent susceptibility. An enzymatic system involved in this different predisposition could be represented by angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). ACE2 is activated and down-regulated by the spike protein of the virus and allows the penetration of SARS-CoV-2 into epithelial cells and myocardium. Data on the experimental animal have shown that 17ß-estradiol increases the expression and activity of ACE2 in both adipose tissue and kidney. Spontaneously hypertensive male mice have a higher myocardial ACE2 expression than females and its levels decrease after orchiectomy. In addition to this first aspect, the recent evidence of an increased frequency of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 (a clinical element associated with a worse prognosis) calls the attention on the safety of treatment with testosterone, in particular in hypogonadal men with greater genetic predisposition. Evidence that sex hormones are able to modulate the expression of ACE2 could help in interpreting epidemiological results and in designing more appropriate intervention strategies. Moreover, the vitamin D deficiency in elderly men may be worthy of further study regarding the epidemiological aspects of this different susceptibility and lethality between sexes.
SommarioLe disfunzioni della ghiandola tiroidea rappresentano un gruppo di patologie rilevanti sotto il profilo epidemiologico, specie nel sesso femminile. La terapia ormonale contraccettiva è capace di influenzare la funzione tiroidea modulando i livelli di TBG e SHBG e, sebbene frequentemente prescritta, esistono poche evidenze riassuntive circa i limiti prescrittivi nelle donne con disfunzione tiroidea. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di rivedere gli effetti del trattamento con levo-tiroxina (LT4) nelle donne in terapia ormonale contraccettiva e come quest’ultima influenzi la funzione tiroidea. La componente estrogenica è responsabile dell’aumento di TBG, SHBG e dei fattori di coagulazione. Per contro, la componente progestinica, attraverso l’azione anti-androgenica, è utile per mantenere basso il rischio tromboembolico e cardiovascolare. Ciò assume particolare rilevanza nelle donne affette da ipotiroidismo subclinico e in quelle trattate con LT4. Infatti, l’ipotiroidismo subclinico è associato a un aumentato volume piastrinico medio, il quale aumenta, a sua volta, il rischio cardiovascolare a causa dell’iperattività piastrinica dovuta alla incompleta maturazione megacariocitica.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.