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by modulating each of these sub-carriers. Further, time is divided into slots consisting of a number of OFDM symbols, and users are scheduled to transmit on an assigned set of sub-carriers in specific time slots. Scheduling can be either persistent, semi-persistent, or non-persistent.LTE is generally specified as a universal frequency reuse (or reuse 1) system to attain high performance through efficient use of frequency resources. While there is no intra-cell interference in LTE since users within a given cell are orthogonal due to the orthogonality of the sub-carriers, and the enhanced node B (eNB) scheduler ensures that a physical resource is allocated to only one user at any given time, there is interference because of transmissions on the same physical resources in a neighboring cell. This inter-cell interference has a major impact, especially on users at the edge of the cell, as

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In this article, we will define a radio transceiver and discuss its history, architecture, and the implementation of its most important system blocks. Lastly, we will identify some key obstacles and challenges that face radio designers today.