Abstract:Water has a decisive influence on populations' life quality -specifically in areas like urban supply, drainage, and effluents treatment -due to its sound impact over public health. Water rational use constitutes the greatest challenge faced by water demand management, mainly with regard to urban household water consumption. This makes it important to develop researches to assist water managers and public policy-makers in planning and formulating water demand measures which may allow urban water rational use to be met. This work utilized the multivariate techniques Factor Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis -in order to determine the participation level of socioeconomic and climatic variables in monthly urban household consumption changes -applying them to two districts of Campina Grande city (State of Paraíba, Brazil). The districts were chosen based on socioeconomic criterion (income level) so as to evaluate their water consumer's behavior. A 9-year monthly data series (from year 2000 up to 2008) was utilized, comprising family income, water tariff, and quantity of household connections (economies) -as socioeconomic variables -and average temperature and precipitation, as climatic variables. For both the selected districts of Campina Grande city, the obtained results point out the variables "water tariff" and "family income" as indicators of these district's household consumption.
A redefinição dos limites do Estado iniciada na década de 1990 no Brasil passou a incentivar ações de contracting-out nos diversos níveis da federação, expondo autoridades e especialistas à necessidade de discutir a dinâmica da regulação desses contratos que são intrinsecamente incompletos, dadas contingências não antecipáveis quando da negociação das condições e oferta. A concessão de rodovias em São Paulo foi estudada por meio de uma análise comparada das notificações e ajustes contratuais em 12 concessões de rodovias vigentes em 2006. Os dados triangulados com entrevistas realizadas na autoridade reguladora, a Agência Reguladora de Serviços Públicos Delegados de Transporte do Estado de São Paulo (Artesp), indicam que as renegociações encontradas não alteraram os termos gerais do contrato, mas sim o cronograma de obras e eventuais acréscimos de obras não previstas no programa original, preservando o equilíbrio financeiro inicial do contrato. Pa l a v r a s -c h a v e: concessão rodoviária; regulação; ajuste contratual; renegociação. Dinámica de la enmienda en los contratos de concesión de autopistas en el estado de São PauloLa reforma del Estado de Brasil se inició en los años 1990 alentó a la contratación externa en los distintos niveles de la federación, las autoridades de peso y expertos para discutir la necesidad de una regulación dinámica de estos contratos. Contratos a largo plazo son inherentemente incompletos, dado que las condiciones comerciales y de suministro están sujetos a contingencias imprevisibles. Los contratos de concesión de autopistas del Estado de São Paulo fueran estudiados a través de un aná-lisis comparativo de las notificaciones y las modificaciones contractuales de 12 contratos en vigor en 2006. La interpretación de los datos se comprobó con entrevistas a la autoridad reguladora (Artesp).Artigo recebido em 12 set. 2011 e aceito em 18 jul. 2012.
In this paper we proposed an econometric model for industrial electricity demand in Brazil. Differently from residential customers, industries in Brazil, in addition to purchasing energy and capacity, also face a tariff menu with Time of Use pricing. Each item in this menu also has different components and price discrimination structure. All these characteristics pose an empirical problem that, so far, has not been faced together in the literature. This methodology was applied in a non-experimental micro data sample of 646 large Brazilian industrial customers (with demands over 300 KW) between January 2002 and December 2006. The results indicate demands for the various services (capacity and energy, separated between peak and non-peak hours) are price elastic, and at least in the AZUL tariff, there is complementarity between energy and capacity in the different periods. Thus, policies on tariff structures based on assumptions of an inelastic aggregate electricity demand could have effects that are quite different from what was intended.
Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar se firmas que operam em setores regulados apresentam níveis diferentes de endividamento comparativamente com firmas similares que operam em setores não regulados. Ou seja, se um ambiente regulado economicamente de algum modo afeta a decisão de nível de endividamento das firmas. O trabalho traz um conjunto de artigos que apresentam formas sob as quais essa diferença pode ocorrer. Em seguida, é realizada uma análise em painel a partir de informações econômico-financeiras de firmas reguladas e não reguladas brasileiras, tendo por objetivo mensurar essa possível diferença. Os resultados demonstram que, para endividamentos de longo prazo, há diferença entre firmas reguladas e não reguladas, mesmo após a utilização de variáveis de controle recomendadas pela literatura empírica de estrutura de capital.
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